Impact on the People of Nigeria by Muslims, French and British Essay

Africans have been migrating through out the continent, including Nigeria, long before there was even written record. Because of this, there has always been an extensive amount of inter-mingling between miscellaneous ethnic groups, making it difficult to actually trace back who came from where. Aside from this amalgamation, there has been a huge impact on the battalions of Nigeria by outside forces. In particular, deuce-ace major groups that had a major impact were Moslem merchants from across the Sahara, British slave traders and eventual colonizers, and the French and British Christian missionaries. The combination of these three groups has had both an economic and cultural impact on Nigeria that is still present like a shot. External penetration of Nigeria started as early as the 9th century AD when Islamic merchants from western Sudan, Maghreb, Tripolitania and Egypt started traveling across the Sahara with camel caravans in search of trade. Over the course of the next six centuries, Islam became accepted widely in the north, especially among the Hausa and Fulani, and not only as a religion. It also imposed a central government, segregated the sexes, influenced language and script, and established a hierarchical class system that was not there beforehand. Islam did not spread sulfur because of the dense tropical forest that divides Nigeria into north and south. This also caused the two regions to develop at different rates because while the south was still alien to Europeans, the north was expanding culturally and economically because of its deep involvement with the trans-Sahara trade routes. The peoples of the south remained untouched by Europeans until the 1470s when Portuguese explorers, under the vehemence and guidance of Henry the Navigator, arrived and traded spirits, cloth, guns and gunpowder for slaves. The Portuguese did not really have much of a cultural effect on the indigenous people (besides the late diminishing population). This is because they rarely traveled farther than the coast, if they even left the ships. Eventually the British ships were dropping anchor along Nigerias coast after Britain realize the extent of the profits the Portuguese were making and what they could reap from slavery. By 1712 they had established a slave monopoly along the west coast. Chiefs and African slave traders brought slaves to shipside in telephone exchange for Eu... ...t of Nigerians resorted to migration when fighting didnt work.It is ironic how when one country tries to take over another in a forceful manner, it is met by some form of granting immunity but if the country introduces itself through trade it is accepted with open arms. The Muslims did not intend to rule over anyone. They were there to make deals and trade goods. Muslim innovation was gradual and voluntary and spanned over six centuries. There is little evidence about wars between Muslims and Nigerians. Also, many Nigerians are proud to be part of the Mus lim culture in the north, even if they are from the south, because of its historical tradition, distinctive architecture, useful language, Islamic faith and because it is an alternative to white European culture. The British were the ones that forcefully took peoples land and family members. They were accepted at first, but they betrayed the trust of the people and exploited them for Britains gain for over 400 years. Many educated Nigerians today feel that if it werent for the slave trade and colonialism, they would be living in a much more modern and progressive country at this time. It is no wonder that they resent the British.

Palace of Industry in Paris France Essay -- Architecture History

missing imagesParis 1855 The Universal Exposition Interior and Exterior of the castling of IndustryThese selected images, an exterior view of the Palace of Industry and a view of the interior of the palace during the distribution of awards, are both detailed views from which much shag be observed. Since both images are illustrations, as opposed to photographs, they may not be entirely accurate. The image of the interior is a lithograph, which is approximately thirty-five inches by 15 inches. Because of the medium employed, the details of the image are not very sharp, but many details are included. Emperor Napoleon iii washbasin be seen handing out the awards, and his empress is seen seated behind him. The other image appears to have been taken from a French newspaper article. Today, the actual paper is very old, as can be evidenced by the large tear in the middle of the picture and its worn edges. The actual size of the illustration is about fifteen inches long and eight inches w ide. Most significant about the Palace of Industry are its historical precedents, the evolution of its design, its victoryes and failures, and finally its role at the fair.After capital of the United Kingdom hosted the first international exposition in 1851, Napoleon III realized that France needed to seize back the initiative. The motive given for the 1855 Paris exposition was to preserve forty years of peace in Europe since Waterloo (Findling, pp. 16-17). A hidden agenda, however, was the competition among the major European nations, to establish their industrial and artistic supremacy. Napoleon III decided that France needed a spectacular structure based on the plan of the Crystal Palace of London (Lavedan, p. 228). Therefore, in 1852, France held a competition fo... ...e success of the Palace of Industry, it did nothing to promote the careers of either Viel or Barrault. Regardless, the Palace of Industry was an influential step in the integration of this revolutionary materia l, iron, with traditional architecture.BibliographyFindling, John E. historic Dictionary of Worlds Fairs and Expositions 1851-1988. New York City Greenwood Press, 1990.Lavedan, Pierre. French Architecture. London Scholar Press, 1956.Mignot, Claude. Architecture of the Nineteenth Century in Europe. New YorkCity Rizzoli International Publications Inc.,1984.Hautecoeur, Louis. Histoire de larchitecture classique en France. v. 7. Paris lament Bonaparte, 1943.Steiner, Frances H. French Iron Architecture. Ann Arbor, Michigan UMI Research Press, 1984.Tach, J. C. Canada at the Universal Exhibition of 1855. Toronto Yonge Street, 1856.

Cloning is Bad! :: essays research papers

&65279The coelacanth is an amazing creature full of mystery and exciting discoveries. It was once thoughtto be extinct for more than360 milllion years ago until one was caught in1938.Its scientific name is Latimeria chalumnae .An adult coelacanth can grow at least to one hundred eighty cm in length and weigh 98 kg and each fish has a distinctive pattern of pinkish white blotches that enables scientists to separate one individual from another.The coelacanth has several very recognizable anatomical features.The skull is in two parts with an intra cranial joint which lets it go an up and down motility between them. A strong pair of muscles beneath the skull-base lowers the front half of the skull, giving the coelacanth a powerful bite .The eyes and olfactory variety meat are in the front part of the skull, and tiny brain and inner ear are in the rear.In the middle of the snout is a large match filled with a jelly-like sac that opens to the outside through three pores.This sac is ca lled the rostral organ .It may be used to detect weak electric currents and table service the coelacanth to find hidden prey.The finsCoelacanths belong to a group of bony lobe-finned fishes and have 8 fins (2 dorsals, 2 pectorals, 2 pelvics, 1 anal and 1 caudal). The number one dorsal fin of the coelacanth is much like that of other fishes and can be folded down or erected. The other fins have a well-developed, muscular, limb-like basal lobe intercommunicate from the body wall, and a fringe of unbranched rays like a fan attached to the outer end of the base. The fleshy scale -covered lobe can be bent or rotated so that each fin can work like a paddle or sculling oar. The tailhas three divisions a characteristic small projecting middle lobe between the longer upper and lower lobes of the fin.The skeletonMost of the skeleton is made of cartilage. In place of the vertebral column, a large notochord extends from the skull to the tip of the caudal fin. The notochord is a thick-walled cartilaginous tube filled with oil-like fluid which is under slight pressure it is tough and elastic and does the business of a backbone, since no complete vertebrae are developed around it.The scalesThe body is covered with hard scales with small toothy-like growths called denticles on the outer surface which protect the coelacanth from the rocks and predators.The swimbladder

Mother Teresa Essay -- Essays Papers

engender Teresa There are many people in this land that we pass on great humanitarians. Mother Teresa was a unique individual that stood out of the crowd because of her involvement in helping the sick, poor and dying. She spent everyday of her adulthood feel for for people that were in need by setting up the Missionary of Charity along with many homes for the people she cared for. Mother Teresa won many awards throughout her life sentence for her dedication to care for people in need. It is no wonder that Mother Teresa won a Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and is considered a saint. Anges Goxha Bojaxhiu was brought into this world on August 26, 1910 but considers her real birth date August 27, 1910, the day of her baptism. Anges was born into a Roman Catholic family although many Albanians at the time were Muslims. Even though her father died when she was nine, her mother made sure her children were well educated. They prayed every evening, went to church everyday, prayed the rosary ev ery day in May and assist the service for the Holy Virgin.1 She really enjoyed going to church because she loved to read, pray and sing. Agnes made a very difficult decision at the time of eighteen that changed her life. She decided to join the Sisters of Loretto, which was a community of Irish nuns with a mission in the Archdices of Calcutta. In 1928 Mother Teresa went to India and began to teach at a convent develop in Calcutta. She taught there for many years and even served as the principal. At last, in 1937 Anges Goxha Bojahiu took her final vows to become a nun and chose the name Mother Teresa afterwards Saint Therese of Lisieux. In 1946, while on a train ride to be treated for tuberculosis, she received a call from God to serve him among the po... ...4 Micheal Collopy, whole kit and boodle of Love are Works of Peace (San Francisco Ignatius Press, 1996), 72. 5 Micheal Collopy, Works of Love are Works of Peace (San Francisco Ingatius Press, 1998), 43. 6 Matt Kantz, Sainthood process to proceed Mother Teresa, National Catholic Reporter, 12 March 1999 Bibliography- Collopy, Micheal. Works of Love are Works of Peace San Francisco Ignatius Press, 1996. - Mukherjee, Bharati. The Saint Mother Teresa. Time (1999) 88 - Kantz, Matt. Sainthood Process to bear on Mother Teresa. National Catholic Reporter (1999) - Gijzeghem, Lea Van. Mother Teresa Her Life 22 March 1997. www.tisv.be/mt/life.htm - Gjoni, Landi. Mother Teresa 1910-1997 Life of an Angel 1997. www.drini.com/motherteresa/her_life

Friendship in The Pact :: Personal Narrative Pact College Friends Essays

Friendship in The PactWorks Cited Missing Friendship can lift you up, strengthen and commit you, or break you down, weaken and defeat you (32). In The Pact, George, Rameck, and Sam lifted each other through the hard times. They helped each other reach their dreams, flush though they had their rough times. George, Rameck, and Sam all lived troubled lives while growing up. They all suffered with financial problems, and judicial problems. Their friendship helped them succeed and eventually gave them a more than stable live style. Friendship is very powerful and can help you in so many ways. Many high school seniors are ablaze roughly going to college. Meeting new people, trying new things, and finding who they are, are all things they look forward to. But, not until a few days before the big move out, do they become nervous. To me, overcoming the transition to college was very difficult, and would have been more difficult if I did not have friends to encourage me. I was filled with excitement throughout the entire summer. I could not wait to get out of Scranton to expand my horizons. As the summer progressed, the excitement grew. When receiving the room assignments, I was shaking with nerves to see who I would be living with. I remember seeing their names and immediately forming a stereotype of them just by the looks of their name. A week before moving out, reality hit me like a gigantic rock. The feelings that were excitement were now anxiety. I was scared about passing my safety zone. I knew many people in Scranton, and fit in well. I did not know anyone that was attending Penn State Harrisburg, I was alone for the first-year time in my life. I began to look at college as a fresh start of life. I had the opportunity to change anything I want about myself. However, the day before leaving, I wanted to change my mind, I no longer wanted to leave everything that I have known for my entire life. But, I refused to show my new feelings because I knew it was a common feeling among other college bound freshman. After some tears and deep breathes, I realized I always wanted to go away to school and if I backed out, I would regret my decision for the rest of my life.

Friendship in The Pact :: Personal Narrative Pact College Friends Essays

Friendship in The PactWorks Cited Missing Friendship can lift you up, strengthen and empower you, or break you down, weaken and defeat you (32). In The Pact, George, Rameck, and Sam lifted each other through the hard fourth dimensions. They helped each other reach their dreams, even though they had their rough times. George, Rameck, and Sam all lived troubled lives while growing up. They all suffered with financial problems, and judicial problems. Their friendship helped them succeed and eventually gave them a more constant live style. Friendship is very powerful and can help you in so many ways. Many high school seniors are excited rough going to college. Meeting new people, trying new things, and finding who they are, are all things they look forward to. But, not until a few mean solar days originally the big move out, do they become nervous. To me, overcoming the transition to college was very difficult, and would have been more difficult if I did not have friends t o encourage me. I was fill up with excitement throughout the entire summer. I could not wait to get out of Scranton to expand my horizons. As the summer progressed, the excitement grew. When receiving the room assignments, I was shaking with nerves to see who I would be living with. I remember seeing their names and immediately forming a stereotype of them just by the looks of their name. A week before moving out, reality hit me like a gigantic rock. The feelings that were excitement were now anxiety. I was scared about leaving my caoutchouc zone. I knew many people in Scranton, and fit in well. I did not know anyone that was attending Penn State Harrisburg, I was alone for the first time in my life. I began to look at college as a fresh start of life. I had the opportunity to change anything I want about myself. However, the day before leaving, I wanted to change my mind, I no longer wanted to leave everything that I have known for my entire life. But, I refused t o show my new feelings because I knew it was a common feeling among other college bound freshman. After some tears and deep breathes, I realized I always wanted to go away to school and if I backed out, I would regret my decision for the rest of my life.

Historical Inaccuracies in the Movie Braveheart

The movie Barveheart in 1995, which was starred, produced and directed by Academy A state of ward winner Mel Gibson, depicted (or tried to depict) the life of Scotch protagonist and patriot Sir William Wallace. The read gained worldwide recoginition, has won five Academy Awards including best picture and best director, and was nominated for a nonher five. It excessively sparked the interest of many in Scottish history. The necessitate, however, was to a fault criticized about its historical inaccuracies.Indeed, according to historian Elizabeth Ewan, the take aim almost totally sacrifices historical accuracy for epic adventure. Sharon Krossa pointed out that in the film, the events atomic number 18nt accurate, the dates arent accurate, the characters arent accurate, the name arent accurate, the clothes arent accuratein short, just about nothing is accurate. Without proper information and understanding of the actual events in Scot lay during the time of William Wallaces explo its, one would think that the institution in the movie is how it really happened during that time.Not frequently is really known about the life of William Wallace that even the date of his turn in is a subject of debate among historians. And such(prenominal) of what is known is based on a fifteenth century poem by aperson known as the Minstrel or Blind Harry. It is the purpose of this composing to present historical facts during the time of William Wallace in contrast to those that were presented in the film. During the beginning of the film, at that place appears a text stating SCOTLAND 1280 A. D. , followed by a narration I shall part you of William Wallace.Historians from England will say I am a liar, that history is written by those who endure hanged heroes. The king of Scotland had died without a son, and the king of England, a merciless pagan known as Edward the Longshanks, claimed the throne of Scotland for himself. Scotlands nobles fought him and fough each new(pr enominal) over the crown. So Longshanks invited them to duologue of truceno weapons, one page only. Among the farmers of that shire was Malcolm Wallace, a commoner with his own lands. He had two sonsJohn and William This really statement would already expect made the film far from fact. As Krossa points out, it is the historians from Scotland, far much than from England, who will recognise the errors of the narrator/film. There is no doubt that the king of Scotland mentioned was King Alexander III. But not only was the king of Scotland not unawares in 1280, both of his sons were alive and well, and had an heir to the throne that had outlived him for four years. King Alexander III fell from his horse and broke his neck causing his closing .True enough that all of his childrentwo sons and a daughterwere already dead during that time, hardly it didnt happen until 1986, six years from the films 1280. The death of Alexander brought Scotland in a political crisis but its nobles a cknowledged Margaret, Alexanders three-year-old Norwegian granddaughterthe product of his daughters maariage to the King of Norwayand his only direct descendant, as inheritor of the kingdom. They appointed a Committee of Guardians to govern in the name of the young queen. However, the two leading claimants of the kingship after Margaret, Robert Bruce of Annandale and John Baliol of Galloway, together with other nobles, apparently ref utilise to submit to a female sovereign, especially if she was a child, and the area was soon distracted by the intrigues and conspiracies of the competitors for the crown . The guardians of England appealed to Edward I, then King of England, to intervene. King Eric II of Norway, the father of Margaret, also asked Edward Is aid to vindicate his daughters rights.They agreed to marry Margaret, the amah of Norway, to Edward Is son, the then Prince of Wales, with the view of uniting the crowns of England and Scotland. In 1290, Margaret embarked for Scotla nd to marry the Prince of Wales but fell sick during the voyage and died at Orkneys at a tender age of scarcely eight years. This renewed the disputes between claimants. In 1291, Edward I met the nobles of Scotland, apparently to act as arbitrator, but demanded the Scotch to recognize his overlordship. This must generate been the basis of the films talks of truce.Recognizing that they do not have the army to oppose Edward I had he decided to invade Scotland instead, the Scots, after long deliberation, finally agreed to recognize Edward Is overlordship. Edward I then finally awarded the Scottish crown to John de Baliol. John de Baliol soon found out that the crown which he had obtained by means of a base concession had only transformed him from a poweful noble into the slave of an imperious and exacting master. He soon revolted against the position crown.Edward launched his armies to Scotland and on 1296, finally defeat the Scottish army at Dunbar. He demanded nothing less than the total surrender of John de Baliol and his kingdom. Incapable of resistance, the king of Scotland resigned his kingdom into the hands of Edward I. Considering the facts stated above, it was not until 1296 A. D. that the Scots had an actual armed conflict with the English through John de Baliols short-lived rebellion, and when Edward the Longshanks claimed the throne of Scotland for himself, sixteen years later than the films 1280 A.D. Edward the Longshanks is also not a pagan. Being the king of England, he is, in fact, a Christiana fact that is evidenced by the ceremony of coronation. As John Steane explains the king was invested by the Archbishop of Canterbury with spiritual power as Gods annointed, like the kings of Israel before him. Henceforward, the king was set aart from his subjects, at least on a par with, and to some extent banner to, churchmen. It would be imprudent to think the Archbishop of Canterbury would annoint a non-Christian as King of England.Furthermore, h e did not invite the Scottish nobles for talks of truce but presented himself as an arbitrator, which was peradventure a response to an earlier appeal made by the Scots, to the internal conflicts of the Scots themselves. That King Edward I took advantage of the political turmoil that has engulfed Scotland may be true enough but the manner of which it has been presented in the film is nowhere near from truth. The widely accepted, though still debated, father of William Wallace was Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, who was descended from ancient knights and baronets of Craigie and who himself is a Scottish knight.Sir Malcolm Wallace was of noble family and not a commoner with his own lands. Although there are sources that say Malcolm Wallace has only two sons, it is also widely accepted that he has at least three sons, and in any case, Malcolm (same name as the father) or Andrew was the name of the eldest son, William would be the second son while John would be the youngest when Malcol m is presented to have three sons (compare with the film in which John is presented as being older than William).John has also outlived William by two years, compared with the film in which John was presented to have died when William was still a young boy. It should be also noted that Sir Malcolm Wallace (the father) was still alive in 1291, when the Scottish nobles met with Edward I (in contrast with the film wherein he died in 1280). He was one of those who did not accept the claim of overlordship of Edward I and went into self-exile.The inaccuracies stated above happened only during the first few minutes of the film and already there are a lot of them. As the story depicted in the film progresses, there would still be a lot more of inaccuracies. The inaccuracies, however, may be based on the different versions of the accounts on the life of William Wallaceit has already been stipulated that much of his life is unknown that even the date of his birth is debated.We have already es tablished that Edward I was not able to claim Scotland for himself until 1296. However, in 1291, after he misled the nobles of Scotland that he would act as an arbitrator but instead maintain his overlordship and the nobles had to swear allegiance to him, different towns and fortresses of Scotland had already been garrisoned by English soldiers (still 11 years later than the faulty 1280, although, in the film, there appears nothing that suggest that English garrisons were present in Scotland).The English soldiers, considering themselves masters of Scotland, treated the people with great contempt and cruelty, took from them by force whatever they had a fancy to (which most belike include sexual advances), and if the owners offered resistance, they were ab mappingd, beat, and sometimes killed for which acts of violence the english authorities neither checked nor punished.Brawls were frequent occurences between the inhabitants and the soldiers and Wallace seldom remained inactive to those which came under his notice, compared with the films depiction of Scots being totally submissive to such abuses and the depicion of Wallace as a reluctant patriot. It should also be noted that even as a young man, Wallace already uncovered his indignation with the English, not only until his wife was murdered as was depicted in the film.Fact of the matter is that he was outlawed even before the Battle of Dunbar in 1296 where the English had totally defeated King John Baliols forces and King Edward has taken the throne for himself. He would have been 20-24 years of age during this time if we consider his birth to be between 1272 to 1276, and 15-19 when the English had started setting up garrisons in Scotland.William Wallace had witnessed as a boy the independence, the security and the happiness of his country, under the reign of Alexander, and the contrast which he beheld upon the establishment of English garrisons that roused the feelings in his heart which have been animated by a love of liberty and a hatred of tyranny and dissimulation, that nothing but death could extinguish. The same is true for most of the Scots during that time. Prima Nocte, or the right for a lord to bed the bride on the first night of her spousal day, was also mentioned in the film.It was presented to be one of the oppressions made by the English to the sons of Scotland. The Jus Primae Noctis, or the law of first night, was introduced in the fifteenth century medieval Europe, at least a century later from the death of William Wallace. It was apparently developed by the lords and used as humiliating signs of superiority over the dependent peasants. Edward the Longshanks, in the film, said that the problem about Scotland is that it is full of Scots. He further asserts that if we cant drive them out, well spawn them out. Thus, in the film, Prima Nocte was justified as a means to breed out the Scots from Scotland. It is not in the interest of Edward I, however, to drive out th e Scots, but, perhaps, only to invade them and expand his territory. There are, in fact, many Scottish nobles that held land in England, regardless they were granted these lands in ex exchange of them swearing allegiance to the English Crown, much as there were English nobles who held lands in Scotland. However, there are little, if not none at all, evidence that Jus Primae Noctis was practiced in the fifteenth century, much less during the time of William Wallace.While rape and murder most certainly occurred during the English exploits in Scotland, Prima Nocte most probably did not. It is flagrantly adulturous in the eyes of the Church and England, being a Christian country, could not tolerate such an abuse, much less putting it into a law. For most historians, Prima Nocta is but a myth. Even some of the momentous events in the history of Scotland with a major friendship of Sir William Wallace was depicted in the film with much inaccuracies.There are two major fightings depicted in the filmthe Battle of Stirling Bridge and the Battle of Falkirkwhich were both separate of the Scottish Wars of Independence. It is very easy to notice that the film did not include a bridge in the Battle of Stirling Bridge, which, as the name already implies, includes a bridge. Perhaps the creators of the film mistook this particular battle for the Battle of Stirling which happened in 1648, more than three centuries after the death of William Wallace.It is important to note that the bridge itself was a major factor for the victory of the Scots against the English during that battle, that despite the advantage in numbers of the English army the Scots still prevailed. The English would have to penetrate the bridge, which at that time was so narrow that it could be bulls eyeed only with at most two horses abreast at a time and would have taken the them several hours to cross, after which they would enter a narrow loop in the River Forth that will leave their flank dangerously ex posed to blast even before they were ready for battle, thereby nullifying their advantage in numbers.The participation of Andrew Murray was also not included in the film. Also in contrast with the film, the battle did not commence when Wallace arrived at the scene. Fact is that Wallaces and Murrays armies were already waiting on the opposite bank of the river when the English, headed by John de Warrene, Earl of Surrey, arrived at Stirling Bridge. Even after that, Warrene decides to chink crossing the bridge for several days to allow for negotiations.Two Dominican friars were sent to Wallace to demand their surrender with which Wallace replied Tell your commander that we are not here to fox peace but to do battle, defend ourselves and liberate our kingdom. Let them come on, and we shall prove this in their very beards. Compared with the film, this speech was more solemn and educated, not a taunting challenge. The English, confident of their advantage in numbers and military super iority, were surprised by the refusal of the Scots to surrender and on the 11th of September 1297 decided to cross the bridge.Wallaces speech in the film was not characteristic of nobles during the thirteenth century or at any other time, not with kiss his own whoreson language. Compare also the films presentation that the English negotiated with other Scottish nobles when it was with Wallace they negotiated with. The film also depicted those Scottish nobles introducing Wallace to the English lords when, fact of the matter is, Wallace had already gained popularity at that time with the Scots and the English alike. The Battle of Falkirk also suffered much inaccuracies in the film.In the film, Wallace used the schiltrons to resist the enemys heavy infantry at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. Although, Wallace really used long spears to achieve his victory, the schiltron was never really used in that particular battle. Instead the schiltron was used at the Battle of Falkirk, from which the film failed to include. Wallace had no need for the schiltron at the Battle of Stirling Bridge as it is mainly a defensive tactic against heavy cavalry. Although the English started moving first by crossing the Stirling Bridge, it was really Wallace who started the attack.On the otherhand, Wallace knew he was at a disadvantage at Falkirk and readied his men in a defensive formation, which was mainly with the use of schiltrons. Knowing that the cavalry is useless against the schiltron, Edward I order his cavalry to attack the Scottish archers. Edward I did not order to loose arrows with his infantry in a melee with the Scots, as was depicted in the film. Instead, he ordered the arrows loose upon the schiltrons, which were in no position for defense against such attack.It was in such manner that the Scots were defeated in the said battle, which the film failed to present properly. It is true enough that the Scottish cavalry, under the command of the other nobles, shamelessly rode off the field, without a blow being given or taken, but detail by detail, the films depiction of the Battle of Falkirk is in no way accurate. As for clothing and armor, the poem by Blind Harry gives us a short description as to how William Wallace looks like in battle A habergione under his goune he war, A steylle capleyne in his bonet but marrHis glowis of plait in claith war couerit wiell In his doublet a closs coler of steyle His face he kepit, for it was euir bar, With his twa handis, the quhilk full worthi war. George Grant gives us a simple explanation. The habergione was a sort of chain-mail or ring-mail, extremely light and flexible, allowing the sterling(prenominal) freedom to the motions of the wearer, whether on foot or horseback. It was brought into Scotland by the crusaders in the beginning of the reign of Alexander III. During the period of Wallace, they appear to have been in general use both in England and Scotland.The goune was the surcoat, or coat of arms. It wa s a long, loose dress, without sleeves, open before and behind for the convenience of riding, and girted round the waist by the cingulum militare or belt. It was usually worn by noblemen. The steylle capleyne, or iron hat had a rim and convex crown and was worn over a hood. The limbs were defended by being encase in boiled leather. Wallace also wore knee-plates of iron and guards for the shin-bones. His shield was round or triangular, would also have been made of iron (not wood as the film depicted).He also kept a dagger folded back under the arm, between the wrist and the elbow, when not in use, and concealed and secured in that position by the cloth of gloves which appears to have worn over his glowis of plait, or arm-plate. His favorite weapon was a two-handed sword, or claymore, which his great strength enabled him to wield with ease. The mace and spear was sometimes also used by him. Paintings and sculptures of Wallace depict him in much the same way as described above. Walla ce, in the film was wearing leather armor and kilts, very much in contrast with historical facts.No one wore kilts during his time as it were not introduced until in the sixteenth century, three centuries later after his death. Instead, the Scots who were lesser in standing wore tunics, its nobles were culturally similar with their English counterparts and would have dressed like them. There are much more historical inaccuracies in the film. The bottomline is that the film really is of an epic adventure genre, something short of a fantasy, not a historical presentation. A few mistakes on the details would be forgivable, but to change the story based on facts, an in a grand scale besides, deserves to be rejected as historical.Krossa suggests not to believe anything depicted in the film if one is truly intrested in what really happened during that time. There are elements in the film that coincide with history but that the elements leading up to those coincidences would need to be pro perly explained to fit to the real history, which the film obviously failed to present. She said that it is far safer, and far more efficient, to just ignore the whole film, as regards history, and read a good Scottish history instead. She adds, however, to enjoy the filmby all meansjust as one enjoys Star Wars or any other work of imaginationsimply do not mistake it for history. Bibliography BBC. The Battle of Stirling BridgeFactsheet. Available from http//www. bbc. co. uk/history/scottishhistory/independence/trails_independence_stirlingbridge. shtml. Internet accessed May 4, 2008. Edgar, John George. unforgettable Events of Modern History. (1862) Ewan, Elizabeth. Braveheart. American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (1995) 12191221. Grant, George. The Life and Adventures of Sir William Wallace The Liberator of Scotland. Dublin James MGlashan (1849) Kock, John T.Celtic Culture A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO (2006). Krossa, Sharon L. Braveheart Errors An Illustration of Scale. chivalrous Scotland (2002). Krossa, Sharon L. Regarding the Film Braveheart. Medieval Scotland (2001). Mitchison, Rosalind. A History of Scotland. Routledge, 2002. Rodger, Robert. Documents Illustrative of Sir William Wallace, His Life and Times. (1841) Rowan, Frederica. History of Scotland. 1851. Steane, John. The Archeology of the Medieval English Monarchy. Routledge, 1999. Wettlaufer, Jorg. The jus primae noctis as a male power display A review of historic sources with

Hamlet and Structural Functionalism Essay

In the famous play crossroads by William Shakespeare, family takes an enormous part in the failure in the main character, juncture. What is interesting astir(predicate) his family dynamic and the way his family affects hamlets actions, is that it directly correlates to Emile Durkheims theory on structural functionalism. It is a theory that studies our social structure and culture, and how they work unneurotic and affect us. Durkheim suggests that our social system is made up of a bunch of different parts and when one of these components dismays taken away, we suffer and go into normlessness- which Durkheim refers to as anomie. anomy is an indication of a loss of our sense of determine and rules of conduct, creating problems. In relation to the play Hamlet, we can establish a tie-up between structural functionalism and Hamlets family through the losses he encounters through turn up the book. While dealing with the death and re-appearance of his father, his uncles deceit and hi s mothers betrayal, he finds himself falling into anomie while overthinking, and becoming mad in result of his loneliness.In the beginning of the play Hamlet, we are promptly made aware of Hamlets family piazza and what has new-fangledly happened with his father, Old Hamlet. When a child is born, the parent of the same sex as the child will usually be the one they feel the biggest connection with. Theres a feeling of common understanding, and when one gets that individual taken away it truly is devastating. That is how it was for Hamlet. We get to see the gravity of his fathers death destroying his optimism, when hes talking to Claudius and tells him that people can act sad, but he has real grief beneath the clothes that he wears. unneurotic with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can de none me truly. These indeed seem, For they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe. (1, 2, 83). both purvi ews later, we are showed how the death of his father affects his mental state. When Horatio and Hamlet lay eyes on the ghost in scene 4, Horatio begs Hamlet not to follow him. What if it charm you toward the flood, my lord, Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff That beetles oer his base into the sea, (1, 4, 72). Hamlet answers him with a shocking comeback and follows the mysterious figure into the mist. Why, what should be the alarm? I do not set my life in a pins fee, And for my soulwhat can it do to that, Being a subprograme immortal as itself? It waves me forth again. Ill follow it. (1, 4, 67) This quote reveals Hamlets opinion on his self-worth. He explains to Horatio that he does not value his life. If Hamlets father had not died, and he had not been so fragile and in such grief, there would have been a significant difference in the way that he handled the situation. His fathers death, right from the beginning of the play, started affecting his sense of values and rules o f conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness. This is what spun the chaos of Hamlet into action, starting Hamlet out on his path to self-destruction, eventually to the point where his death is the result of his own medalling. In the words of a man who lived capacious ago, what we fear, we create.After the death of his father Hamlet continues to mourn the loss, as one would usually do if their parent were to decease. Oddly enough, his own mother and lest we forget the recent wife of his father, says to him Do not for ever with thy vailed lids Seek for thy noble father in the dust Thou knowst tis common all that lives must die, button through nature to eternity. (1.2.2) This is shocking because normally, if ones spouse has passed away they would experience some sort of great grief, however Gertrude takes little discomfort in the matter and in the quote above, tells him not to fret, for everybody must die at some point.To this, Hamlet says to himself, O, God a beast, that wants discourse of reason, Would have mournd longermarried with my uncle,My fathers brother, but no more like my father Than I to Hercules (1.2.151). Clearly her insensitiveness and incentive to quickly re-marry angers Hamlet. How could she not mourn the death of her own husband, and re-marry his brother almost right after? Hamlet demonstrates great disgust for his mother and accuses her of incest. She Gertrude married. O, most wicked speed, to post. With such politeness to incestuous sheets It is not nor it cannot come to good But break, my heart for I must hold my tongue. (1.2.158).With the loss of his own mother, Hamlet (as would any child) starts to act out and feel a loss of control. We see this in his quote in act 1 scene 2 O, that this too too solid framing would melt Thaw and resolve itself into a dew Or that the Everlasting had not fixd His canon gainst self-slaughter O God God How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable, dep remnant to me all the uses of this world (128) Here, H amlet talks about how he wishes God had not declared suicide a sin, and how pointless life is to him now. This is huge because we get to see how the loss of his mother is affecting his sanity. He require his mother to support and protect him, yet she is nowhere to be found. Rather, she is with the man that he needs to be protected from. This affects his sense of values and rules of conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness. This is just another push from Gertrude to Hamlet towards his death (failure) in the end of the play.Meanwhile, Hamlets uncle and new step father Claudius is being a villain, villain, smiling, damned villain (107) as Hamlet describes him in act 1 scene 5, because he feels that Claudius has been deceitful and betrayed his own brother. Which he in fact has. In act 3 scene 3, Claudius says he feels guilty for murdering Old Hamlet, yet he states, That cannot be Claudius cannot ask God to accept his apology), since I am still possessed Of those effects for whic h I did the murder My crown, mine own ambition, and my queen. (56) Revealing that he knows that he cannot as for forgiveness when he is still in possession of his brothers belongings and is not ready to let them go.This whole affair leaves Hamlet very clearly bitter and upset with him. In act 3 scene 4, Hamlets mother says to him, Hamlet, thou hast thy father often offended. (9) And he replies with a snarky remark claiming that Claudius is not his father at all, and that the one doing the real offending is her (Gertrude) to his father (Old Hamlet). Mother, you have my father much offended. (3.4.10) This quote proves to us how betrayed he feels by his uncle. Three scenes before these quotes, Hamlet presents his to be, or not to be soliloquy about suicide.To be, or not to be that is the question Whether tis nobler in the perspicacity to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles. (3.1.57) He, again, is debating whether or not he sho uld kill himself. This validates the theory that he is losing his mind due to his uncles actions, and essentially the robbing of his uncle entirely as a person that he once put his trust into. It affects Hamlets sense of values and rules of conduct- leaving him in a state of normlessness, pushing him even more off of the edge towards failure.Hamlets inability to remain mentally stable throughout the play is in the fault of the unfortunate death of one parental figure, the betrayal of the other, and the people that he invested into emotionally whom ultimately took advantage of his trust. When a kid is faced with such instability it becomes ridiculously difficult for them to continue on as fully functioning, emotionally stable human beings. When the most central people in Hamlets life disappeared, he started to go into normlessness, like we would if we were to lose a vital component in our society, such as the government. He fell into anomie, losing his sense of values and rules of conduct, creating multiple problems within himself. We see this as he overthinks throughout the entire play. He cannot make conscious decisions, think, or function properly. In conclusion, Emile Durkheims theory on structural functionalism does in fact directly correlate to Hamlets family and their part in his failure.

Ethiopian Culture and History

Ethiopia The Oldest Civilization The Great starks in Wax Museum The shade I decided to experience was the antediluvian culture of Ethiopia. The Great Blacks in Wax Museum introduced me to this more(prenominal) or less antique but formally organized culture that still influences governing systems today. An intriguing fact about Ethiopia is that it is worlds oldest civilization and the founder of Egypt some other old and great civilization. Ethiopian, also originally known as Sheba, history begins its existence around 10th century B. C. y Solomons first son, Melenik I, who the task leader of Sheba was the supposed to have mo on that pointd. Its documented history begins in the ancient city of Askum in about 2nd century AD, thus making it one of oldest free-lance African nations and one of the most ancient cultures in the entire world. The exhibit provided an excellent array of facts about Ethiopian life, history, culture, tradition and government. The display also examinee d a number of ancient Ethiopian artifacts as well as life deal wax figures of some of Ethiopian rulers and leaders.The Ethiopian exhibit at the Great Blacks in Wax Museum displayed how this country and its culture is the worlds oldest civilization and it is responsible for many systems and values that are still continued throughout the world today. The artifacts in this exhibit were interesting and varied greatly in purpose and practical use. There were no artist or artisans noted in the exhibit. All the artifacts control back to the age of the history of the Ethiopians around 10th century B. C. Understanding the ancient history helps explained some of the artifacts in the exhibit.The spear was shown in many opposite areas of the display. The spear was an essential part of the history from the earliest historical days especially since there were many tribal wars within and from external opposition. It was used for a variety of uses including as a appliance in wartime as well as a tool to kill animals for consumption. It was individually handcrafted of a two-part tool/weapon with a spear head (arrow-like from sharpen rock) and a shaft kept together with a sturdy vine to hold the parts together. It often had etchings, paint from berry dyes, or adornment of some kind.The spear is often shown and was used by the males in the villages and was proudly displayed in rituals including war dance, tribal dances to denote power and virility. It was a nonchalant part of the Ethiopian life. Another artifact that was prevalent in the display was masks of a variety of materials, expressions, and sizes. The mask was an important part of the Ethiopian traditional and ethnical rites and rituals. The masks were often used during celebrations including religious ones and part of medical rituals. The masks were handcrafted from fine wood and painted with paints do from dyes of berries and fruits.The masks were also used in wartime in confrontation with confrontation warriors. The masks were used to celebrate joyous events also. The masks is still crafted and used in traditional celebrations in Ethiopia today. There were many ancient instruments displayed in the exhibit. The instruments include an ancient guitar like instrument made form handcrafted wood, animal with vines for strumming. There were many different types of drums and bongo type instruments. These drums were made from handcrafted fine wood with animal skins pulled across the exonerated wood tube and tied with vine or rope.These drums were used for a variety of uses included celebratory traditions, communicating across distance of danger, need, or information. Music and notice dance were an e preciseday part of ancient Ethiopian and this musical tradition is still greatly part of Ethiopian culture. The Ethiopian cultures appreciation for intricate color, origination and hand-dyed fabrics is prevalent in their ancient culture and their instruments were decorated and adorned as well. The or iginal cultural attire today differ not much from their ancient ancestors and may still be seen in Ethiopias heritage rich attire today.The Ethiopian exhibit provided an eye-opening insight into how its ancient systems, values, traditions, rituals and dress have molded the received Ethiopia and many other world cultures. Egypt was a city founded by Askum (ancient Ethiopia). These ancient and great civilizations laid the cornerstone of many other past and current governments. The ancient Kemet, now Egypt was ruled by the Queen of Sheba. Her prosperity and governing were the foundation of the Greek, Roman, Hebrew, Phoenician and Indian civilization.One of Ethiopias most important contributions was that it had a imperious form of government and rule. Another famous woman ruler of the culture was Egypts Cleopatra. Though there was a period of Roman history were few women ruled with any true power, the strong Ethiopian women rulers help to set a pattern of women in government that has return to culture today. Ethiopian culture was responsible for many advancements in communication, commercial and architectural contributions that have affected all cultures throughout history.They were responsible for communication achievements such as being ascribe with the first alphabet system, the first use of chronology and history recording, and a development of a language that was more across-the-boardly used than the Semitic and Aryan languages of ancient times. The ancient Ethiopians were commerce and industry masters in the art of navigation, the worlds first and most vast commercial trading system that did business with India, Persia, Arabia and Chaldea. It has been evidenced that Ethiopians sailors explores the Americas 2,000 years before Columbus. There artisans and developers of textile trade and smelting iron.They were early miners of silver, copper, gold and other raw minerals. The architectural achievements are legendary which include good use of sandstone, lime stone and granite in building construction. They are credited with the method of carving buildings and pyramids out of solid rock. They forged extensions over mountains and made the first arches, aqueducts and bridges pine before the founding and rise of Rome or Greece. A wax figure of Imhotep, ca 2980 B. C. , a revolutionary architect, was the noted designer of the great quantity pyramid of Egypt was part of this exhibit.The advancements of this society in these areas are very much still part of Ethiopias history and culture but even more astounding critical to the development of multi-cultures and cross-cultures all over the world throughout mankinds history and development. The ancient Ethiopian culture made some significant values and ideas in the area of philosophy and religion. The ancient Ethiopian culture was one of the foremost cultures that worshipped a Supreme being. They were mentioned in the playscript because they provided a place of refuge for Moses and Jesus Chris t.Ethiopian (Askum) was one of the first African nations to adopt the then new religion of Christianity. This adoption of Christianity was significant in Christianitys early history and a source of war confrontations with neighboring Islamic nations. In its history, Ethiopia is also noted for their protection of Christianity during the African invasion of Islamic Arabia. The wide spread popularity and acceptance of Christianity crosses multi-cultural lines and significantly affects the religious belief and lifestyle of millions of Christians even today.The Ethiopian exhibit at the Great Blacks in Wax museum was just a starting point of a long continuing rich and thriving history of African culture. The other exhibits were a direct link to this most ancient of civilizations. By observing the history of African and Black American culture and history, I reviewed many other cultures as well. Reviewing Ethiopias history and observing its artifacts made the rest of the museum experience m ore understandable. The ties of the Ethiopian culture life, traditions, costumes, dress, government, architecture, commerce and industry are seen in most cultures history and present day life.The museum went on to show exhibits in the following areas of African-American and Black History SlaveryEmancipationSlave Revolts The Underground RailroadJourney to freedomSharecropping Life Western FrontierCivil War ContributionsAbolition & Womens Rights Black ReconstructionEducators, ScientistArtic Exploration Black Labor MovementMilitary LeadersFather of Black Nationalism Black Renaissance ManAfrican Freedom FightersRastafarians Modern Civil Rights Jim Crow EraSegregation LynchingBlack Women LegendsAthletes Space ExplorationBlvd. of Broken DreamsWriters and Poets Having observed all the exhibits the affects of the ancient Ethiopian value system, traditions were very evident in the development of multi-cultures especially in Africa, European and American history. The exhibits often m ade my heart heavy and even bought tears to my eyes, but I noted, that though struggle has always been part of Ethiopian and its ancestral history and urrent minority life and all cultural life there is always entrust and significant contributions throughout every culture. Through the exhibits, I observed that though much of mans culture and history is hard to view and acknowledge, that there is a determination and drive to survive from that most ancient civilization that has carried through to this today in every culture.Struggle brings about significant change and version in all cultures. It showed me that every culture is co-linked through history and shares many significant cultural anthropologic relationships despite what appears to be insurmountable differences when it is all said and through with(p) we are all the same and want what is good and right for our survival just as ancient Ethiopia wanted. pic Page 2 Page 3

Fool Chapter 22

TWENTY-TWOAT THE WHITE TOWERTosser cried the raven.No stand by was he in my stealthy entry to the White Tower. Id packed my bells with clay, and darkened my face with the same, but no amount of camouflage would athletic supporter if the raven raised an al offset. I should lose had a guard bring him bulge turn up with a crossbow bolt long forrader I left the Tower.I lay in a sh entirelyow, flat-bottomed skiff Id borrowed from a ferryman, covered with rags and branches so I might appear secure a nonher mass of jetsam floating in the Thames. I padd guide with my right hand, and the cold water felt like needles until my arm went numb. Sheets of ice drifted in the water just almost me. A nonher good cold night and I might hold up walked into the Traitors Gate, preferably than paddled. The river fed the moat, and the moat led under a low arch and through the gate where English nobility had been bringing their family members for hundreds of years on the way to the chopping block .Two iron-clad gates hit together at the center of the arch, chained in the middle below the waterline, and they moved ever-so-slightly in the current. There was a gap there, at the top, where the gates met. non so wide that a soldier with weapons could fit through, but a cat, a rat, or a spry and nimble fool on the shrink side might easily pass over. And so I did.There were no guards at the stone steps inside, but twelve feet of water uninvolved me from them, and my skiff would not fit through the gap at the top of the gate where I was perched. A fool was getting wet, there was no way around it. yet it seemed to me that the water was sh every(prenominal)ow, only a foot or two deep. Perhaps I could keep my shoes dry. I took them off and tucked them into my jerkin, so slid down the gate into the cold water.Great dog-buggering bollocks it was cold. Only to my knees, but cold. And I would look at made it undiscovered, methinks, if I hadnt let slip a rather emphatic whisper of, G reat dog-buggering bollocks, thats cold I was met at the top of the stairs by the pointy part of a halberd, leveled malevolently at my chest.For fucks sake, utter I. Do your worst, but get it done and drag my body inside where its warm.Pocket? say the yeoman at the other end of the spear. Sir?Aye, utter I.I havent seen you for months. Whats that exclusively over your face?Its clay. Im in disguise.Oh right. Why dont you come in and warm up. Must be dreadful cold in your wet stocking feet there.Good metreght, lad, tell I. It was the young, spot-faced yeoman whom Id chastised on the wall when Regan and Goneril were starting arriving to gain their inheritance. Shouldnt you stay at your post, though? Duty and all that?He led me across the cobbled courtyard, into a servants magnetise to the main fort and down the stairs into the kitchen.Nah, its the Traitors Gate, innit? Lock on it as big as your distributor point. Aint no one coming through there. Not all bad. Its out of the c ajoled. Not like up on the wall. Y realize the Duchess Regan is living here at the Tower now? I took your advice about not talking about her boffnacity,43 even with the duke dead and all, cant be too c beful. Although, I caught sight of her in a dressing gown one day she was up on the parapet out of doors her solar. Fine flanks on that princess, despite the danger of death and all for sayin so, sir.Aye, the lady is fair, and her gadonk as fine as frog fur, lad, but even your immobile silence will get you hung if you dont cease with the thinking aloud.Pocket, you scroungy flea-bitten plague ratBubble Love said I. Thou dragon-breathed wart farm, how art thou?The ox-bottomed cook tried to hide her joy by casting an onion at me, but there was a grin there. Youve not eaten one good plate since you were last in my kitchen, have you?We heard you was dead, said Squeak, a crescent of a smile for me beneath her freckles.Feed the pest, said Bubble. And clean that hatful off his face. Rutt ing with the pigs again, were you, Pocket?Jealous?Not bloody likely, said Bubble.Squeak sit me down on a stool by the fire and spell I warmed my feet she scrubbed the clay from my face and out of my haircloth, merciless(prenominal)ly battering me with her bosoms as she worked.Ah, home sweet home.So, has anyone seen Drool?In the keep with the king, said Squeak. Although the guard aint supposed to know it. She eyed the young yeoman who stood by.I knew that, he said.What of the kings men, his knights and guards? In the barracks?Nah, said the yeoman. Castle guard was a dogs breakfast until lord Curan came down from Gloucester. Hes got a noble-born knight as captain of every watch and the old guard man for man with any new ones. Crashing huge camps of soldiers outside the walls, forces of Cornwall to the west and Albany on the north. They say the Duke of Albany is staying with his men at camp. Wont come to the Tower.Wise choice, with so many vipers about the castle. What of the princ esses? I asked Bubble. Although she seemed never to expire her kitchen, she knew what was going on in every corner of the fortress.They aint talking, said Bubble. Taking meals in their old quarters they had when they was girls. Goneril in the east tower of the main keep. Regan in her solar on the outer wall on the south. Theyll come together for the midday meal, but only if that bastard Gloucester is there.Can you get me to them, Bubble. Unseen?I could sew you up in a suckling pig and send it over.Yes, lovely, but I did hope to return undiscovered, and trailing gravy might muckle the attention of the castles cats and dogs. Regrettably, Ive had experience with such issues.We can dress you as one of the serving lads, thusly, said Squeak. Regan had us bring in boys instead of our usual maids. She likes to chafe and threaten them until they cry.I regarded Bubble with steely recrimination. Why didnt you suggest that?I wanted to see you sewed up in a suckling pig, you oleaginous ras cal.Bubble has struggled with her deep affection for me for years.Very well, then, said I. A serving boy it is.You know, Pocket, said Cordelia, age sixteen. Goneril and Regan say that my mother was a sorceress.Yes, Id heard that, love.If thats so, then Im proud of it. It means she didnt need some mangy man for her power. She had her own.Banished then, wasnt she?Well, yes, that or drowned, no one will really say. Father forbids me to ask about it. however my point is that a woman should come to her power on her own. Did you know that the wizard Merlin gave up his powers to Vivian in exchange for her favors, and she became a great sorceress and queen, and be sick Merlin to cessation in a cave for a hundred years for his trouble?Men are like that, lamb. You give them your favors and next thing you know theyre snoring away like a bear in a cave. Way of the world, it is.You didnt do that when my sisters gave you their favors.They did no such thing.They did, too. Many times. Everyone i n the castle knows it.Vicious rumors.Fine, then. When you have enjoyed the favors of women, who shall remain nameless, did you fall asleep afterward?Well, no. only when neither did I give up my magical powers or my kingdom.But you would have, wouldnt you?Say, enough talk of sorcerers and such. What say we go down to the chapel and convert back to Christianity? Drool drank all the communion wine and ate all the oddment host when the bishop was ousted, so Ill wager hes blessed enough to bring us into the fold without clergy. Burped the body of Christ for a week, he did.Youre trying to change the subject.Curses detect exclaimed the puppet Jones. Thatll t each(prenominal) you, you sooty-souled snake. Have him whipped, princess.Cordelia laughed, liberated Jones from my grasp, and clouted me on the chest with him. Even when she was grown she bore a weakness for puppety conspiracy and Punch-and-Judy justice.Now, fool, speak virtue if the truth in you hasnt died starving from your negl ect. Would you give up your powers and your kingdom for a ladys favor?That would depend on the lady, wouldnt it?Say me, for example?Vous? said I, my eyebrows raised in the trend of the perfectly jailor French.Oui, said she, in the language of love.Not a chance, said I. Id be snoring forward you had time to declare me your personal deity, which you would, of course. Its a burden I bear. Deep sleep of the innocent, Id have. (Or, you know, the deep sleep of the deeply shagged innocent.) I suspect, come morning, youd have to remind me of your name.You didnt sleep after my sisters had you, I know it.Well, threat of violent, post-coital death will keep you on the alert, wont it?She crawled across the rug until she was close then. You are a dreadful liar.What was your name?She clouted me on the head with Jones and kissed me quickly, but with feeling. That was the only time.Id have your power and your kingdom, fool.Give me back my puppet, thou nameless tart.Regans solar was bigger than I retrieveed it. A fairly grand, round room, with a fireplace and a dining table. Six of us brought in her supper and set it out on the table. She was all in red, as usual, snowy shoulders and raven hair warmed to the eye by orange firelight.Wouldnt you rather lurk behind the tapestry, Pocket?She waved the others out of the room and closed the door.I kept my head down. How did you know it was me?You didnt cry when I shouted at you.Blast, I should have known.And you were the only serving boy wearing a codpiece.Cant hide ones light under a bushel, can one? She was infuriating. Did nothing surprise her? She spoke as if Id been sent for and shed been expecting me at any moment. Rather took the joy out of all the stealth and disguise. I was tempted to tell her shed been duped and Drool-shagged just to see her reaction, but alas, there were chill out guards who were loyal to her, and I wasnt sure she wouldnt have me killed as it was. (Id left my knives with Bubble in the kitchen, not th at theyd help against a platoon of yeomen.) So, lady, how goes the mourning?Surprisingly well. Grief suits me, I think. Grief or war, Im not sure which. But Ive had good appetite and my complexions been rosy. She picked up a hand mirror and regarded herself, then caught my reflection and turned. But, Pocket, what are you doing here?Oh, loyalty to the cause and all. With the French at our bloody doors, thought Id come back to help defend home and hearth. It was probably best we not pursue the reasons why I was there, so I pressed on. How goes the war, then?Complicated. Affairs of state are complicated, Pocket. I wouldnt expect a fool to understand.But Im a royal, now, kitten. Didnt you know?She put down her mirror and looked as if she might burst out laughing. empty-headed fool. If you could catch nobility by touch youd have been a knight years ago, wouldnt you? But alas, youre still common as cat shit.Ha Yes, once. But now, cousin, drear blood runs in my veins. In fact, Ive a min d to start a war and shag some relatives, which I believe are the skin rash pastimes of royalty.Nonsense. And dont call me cousin.Shag the country and kill some relatives, then? Ive been noble less than a week, I dont have all the protocol memorized yet. Oh, and we are cousins, kitten. Our fathers were brothers.Impossible. Regan nibbled at some dried fruit Bubble had laid out on the tray.Lears brother Canus raped my mother on a bridge in Yorkshire small-arm Lear held her down. I am the issue of that unpleasant union. Your cousin. I bowed. At your bloody service.A bastard. I might have known.Oh, but bastards are vessels of promise, are they not? Or didnt I watch you slay your lord the duke, to run to the arms of a bastard who is, I believe, now the Earl of Gloucester. By the way, how goes the romance? Torrid and unsavory, I trust.She sat down then and ran her fingernails through her jet hair as if raking thoughts out of her scalp. Oh, I fancy him fine although hes been a bit disa ppointing since that first time. But the intrigue is bloody exhausting, what with Goneril trying to bed Edmund, and he not being able to show me deference for fear of losing Albanys support, and bloody France invading in the midst of it all. If Id known all that my husband had to tend to Id have waited a part before killing him.There, there, kitten. I moved around behind her and rubbed her shoulders. Your complexion is rosy and your appetite good, and you are, as always, a veritable feast of shagability. Once youre queen you can have everyone beheaded and take a long nap.Thats just it. Its not like I can just put on the crown and go sovereigning merrily along God, St. George, and the whole rotting mess into history. I have to defeat the fucking French, then Ive got to kill Albany, Goneril, and I suppose Ill have to find Father and have something heavy fall on him or the people will never accept me.Good news on that, love. Lears in the dungeon. Mad as a hatter, but alive.He is?Aye. Edmund just returned from capital of Delaware with him. You didnt know?Edmund is back?Not three hours ago. I followed him back.Bastard He hasnt even sent word that hes returned. I sent a garner to him in Dover.This letter? I took the letter that Oswald had dropped. Id broken the seal, of course, but she recognized it and snatched it out of my hand.How did you get that? I sent that with Gonerils man, Oswald, to give to Edmund personally.Yes, well, I sent Oswald to vermin Valhalla before delivery was secured.You killed him?I told you, kitten, Im nobility now a murderous little cunt like the rest of you. Just as well, too, that letters a flitty bit o coquette toss, innit? Dont you have any advisers to help you with that sort of thing? A chancellor or a chamberlain, a bloody bishop or someone?Ive no one. Everyone is at the castle in Cornwall.Oh, love, let your cousin Pocket help.Would you?Of course. First, lets see to sister. I took two of the vials from the purse at my belt. This r ed one is deadly poison. But the blue one is only like a poison, giving the same signs as if one is dead, but they will but sleep one day for each drop they drink. You could put two drops of this in your sisters wine say, when you are ready to attack the French and for two days she would sleep the sleep of the dead while you and Edmund did your will, and without losing the support of Albany in the war.And the poison?Well, kitten, the poison may not be needed. You could defeat France, take Edmund for your own, and come to an agreement with your sister and Albany.I have an agreement with them now. The kingdom is divided as father decreed.Im only saying that you may fight the French, have Edmund, and not have to slay your sister.And what if we dont defeat France?Well, then, you have the poison, dont you?Well, thats bollocks counseling, said Regan.Wait, cousin, I havent told you the part where you make me Duke of Buckingham yet. Id like that dodgy old palace, Hyde Park. St. Jamess Par k, and a monkey.Youre daftNamed Jeff.Get outI palmed the love letter from the table as I exited.Quickly through the corridors, across the courtyard, and back to the kitchen where I traded my codpiece for a pair of waiters breeches. It was one thing to leave Jones and my coxcomb with the ferryman, some other to secret my blades away with Bubble, but giving up my codpiece was like losing my spirit.I was nearly undone by its enormity, said I to Squeak, to whom I handed the man-portable den of my manly inequity.Aye, a family of squirrels could nest in the extra space, Squeak observed, dropping a handful of the walnuts shed been shelling into the empty prick pouch.Wonder you didnt rattle like a dried gourd when you walked, said Bubble.Fine. Cast aspersions on my manhood if you will, but Ill not protect you when the French arrive. Theyre unnaturally fond of man snogging and they smell of snails and cheese. I will laugh ha as you both are mercilessly cheese-snogged by froggy maraude rs.Dont really sound that bad to me, said Squeak.Pocket, youd better be off, lad, said Bubble. Gonerils supper is going up now.Adieu, said I, a preview of the Frenchy future of my former friends and soon to be frog-snogged traitorous tarts. Adieu. I bowed. I feigned fainting with a great wrist-to-brow flourish, and I left.(I admit it, one does like to lubricate his recurrent entrances and exits with a bit of melodrama. Performance is all to the fool.)Gonerils quarters were less spacious than Regans, but luxurious, and there was a fire going. I hadnt set foot here since shed left the castle to marry Albany, but upon returning I found I was simultaneously aroused and filled with dread memories simmering under the lid of consciousness, I suppose. She wore cobalt with gold trim, daringly cut. She must have known Edmund was back. PumpkinPocket? What are you doing here? She waved the other servers and a young lady who had been braiding her hair out of the room. And why are you attired i n that absurd outfit?I know, said I. Poncy breeches. Without my codpiece I feel defenseless.I think they make you look taller, she said.A dilemma. Taller in breeches or stunningly virile in a cod? Both illusions. Each with its advantage. Which do you think makes a better impression on the fairer sex, love, tall or hung?Isnt your apprentice both?But hes oh Yes. She bit into a winter plum.I see, said I. So, what is it with Edmund? All the black kit? What it was, was she was bewitched, was what it was.Edmund. She sighed. I dont think Edmund loves me.And I sat down, with all of Gonerils luncheon repast set before me, and considered cooling my forehead in the tureen of broth. Love? Sodding, bloody, tossing, bloody, sodding, bloody love? Irrelevant, superfluous, bloody, ruddy, rotten, sodding love? What ho? whence? What the fuck? Love?Love? said I.No one has ever loved me, said Goneril.What about your mother? sure as shooting your mother?I dont remember her. Lear had her executed when we were little.I didnt know.It was not to be spoken of.Jesus, then? Comfort in Christ?What comfort? Im a duchess, Pocket, a princess, perhaps a queen. You cant manage in Christ. Are you daft? You have to ask Christ to leave the room. Your very first war or execution and youre right fucked for forgiveness, arent you? Theres Jesusy disapproval and frown at least and you have to act like you dont see it.Hes infinite in his forgiveness, said I. It says so somewhere.As should we all be, it also says. But I dont believe it. Ive never forgiven our father for killing our mother and I never shall. I dont believe, Pocket. Theres no comfort or love there. I dont believe.Me, either, lady. So, sod Jesus. Surely Edmund will fall in love with you when you become closer and hes had a chance to murder your husband. Love needs room to grow, like a rose. Or a tumor.Hes passionate enough, although never so enthusiastic as that first night in the tower.Have you introduced him to your well special t astes?Those will not win his heart.Nonsense, love, a black-hearted prince like Edmund verily starves to have his bum smacked by a fair damsel like yourself. Probably what hes craving, just too shy to ask.I think another has caught his eye. I think he fancies my sister.No, thats his fathers eye she caught, well, speared, really, I thought, but then I thought better. Perhaps I can help you resolve the conflict, pumpkin. And at that, I produced the red and blue vials from my purse. I explained how one was for death-like sleep, and the other afforded more permanent rest. And as I did so, I cradled the silk purse that still held the last puffball the witches had given me.What if I were to use it on Goneril? Bewitch her to love her own husband? Surely Albany would forgive her. He was a noble chap, despite being a noble. And with that, Regan could have that villain Edmund for herself, the conflict between the sisters would be settled, Edmund would be satisfied with his new role as Duke of Cornwall and Earl of Gloucester, and all would be well. Of course there were the issues of France attacking, Lear in the dungeon, and a wise and comely fool whose fate was uncertainPumpkin, said I, perhaps if you and Regan came to an understanding. Perhaps if she were put to sleep until her army had done its duty against France. Perhaps mercy And that was as far as I got, as the bastard Edmund came through the door at that moment.What is this? demanded the bastard.Dont you fucking knock? said I. Bloody common bastard Youd have thought, now that I, too, was a half-noble bastard, that my disdain for Edmund might have diminished. Strangely, no.Guard. Take this worm to the dungeon until I have time to deal with him.Four guards, not of the old Tower force, came in and chased me around the solar several times before I was tripped up by the constrained step of my waiter breeches. The lad theyd been made for must have been smaller even than I. They pinned my arms behind me and dragged me o ut of the room. As I went backward through the door, I called, GonerilShe held up her hand and they stopped there and held me.You have been loved, said I.Oh, take him out and beat him, said Goneril.She jests, said I. The lady jests.

Death Penalty Outline

Understanding the Death punishment General Purpose My general purpose is to go on the audience a better understanding of the death penalty. Specific Purpose My purpose is to inform my audience slightly the different death penalty methods. launching I. We all k presently Thomas Edison as being the creator of the light bulb, but what most dont know is he executed animals employ his knowledge of electricity. Thats where it all began. II. The death penalty is the carrying into action of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense.III. It is also known as Capital Punishment. The two words merely mean the alike(p) thing. Some look at Death Penalty as being the penalty received whereas others look at Capital Punishment as being the actual execution. IV. What makes capital cases different from other cases is to a greater extent pre-trial time, more experts, more attorneys, and jurors have to be quizzed on their views of the death penalty. All crimes are not capital cases. alteration To begin lets pelf with the different methods of execution. Body I. in that respect are five methods of execution. . Lethal injection b. Electric chair c. Gas sleeping room d. Hanging e. Fire squad Transition First lets explore lethal injection. I. Lethal Injection is the primary source of execution used in the United States The U. S. became the first boorish to use lethal injection. There are three different drugs used in lethal injection. A. Sodium Thiopental- A sedative drug that puts you in a coma-like, unconsciousness sleep. B. Pancuronium Bromide- Prohibits all muscular-skeletal movements and paralyzes the diaphragm to stop respiration. C.Potassium Chloride- Interferes with the electrical signals of the heart, causing cardiac arrest. According to U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justice John G. Roberts, along with Justices Anthony M. Kennedy and Samuel A. Alito, There are a total of 36 states now use lethal injection as their most preval ent source of execution. 27 of the 36 solicit lethal injection to be the method of execution. There is a lethal injection machine, but rarely used because of the fear that it will not feat on the first try. II. Transition Another method is the Electric Chair.This is the method where a high voltage of electricity is sent through the body. A. Before the execution, the prisoners head and legs will be shaved where the electrodes are placed. The prisoners head, torso, arm, legs, hips, wrists and ankles are tightly fastened to the chair. (Robert O. Hippe, Judge of the Nebraska Court of Appeals) B. A plate is placed around the prisoners head and left calf creating a path through the body. C. Larger sponges which have been soaked in solution are placed under each electrode, next to the prisoners skin.Burning is expected in electrocutions, so a fire extinguisher is unbroken close by. III. Transition A third method of execution is the gas chamber. A. During an execution, the prisoner is pl aced in an air-tight room where potassium cyanide or sodium cyanide is put into a pan of hydrochloric acid causing the prisoner to not be able to process hemoglobin, as stated in the article First Execution by Lethal Gas B. The prisoner then falls and chokes to death. C. Only 4 states in the U. S. allow gas chamber as a form of execution. D. Gas chamber is the most expensive method of execution.IV. Transition The fourth method of execution is hanging. A. The inmate must be weighed the day before the execution. A sandbag weighing the same as the prisoner is then used a test dummy to determine the length of drop necessary for a quick death. B. If the rope is too long, the inmate could be decapitated. If the rope is too short, it will result in a heavy death causing the tongue and eyes to protrude. C. Hanging was the most common source of execution in the U. S. up until the 1890s. V. Transition The final method of execution is the firing squad. A.Five shooters will aim at the prisone r, but only four will have live aim. One shooter has a dud that creates the same sound. B. They all shoot at an area the size the palm of your hand. (Kevin P. Robillard, Editorial Assistant at POLITICO) Conclusion I. Transition I have informed you about the death penalty and the five methods of execution. f. Lethal injection g. Electric chair h. Gas chamber i. Hanging j. Fire squad II. I hope that now you have a better understanding of the death penalty. WORKS CITED . Capital Punishment. ProCon. org. Encyclopedia Britannica , 25/04/2008.Web. 10 Sep 2012. . Richard, Dieter. ProCon. org. N. p. , 07/02/2007. Web. 10 Sep 2012. . . Forms of execution in the United States,1977-2009. ProCon. org. N. p. , 16/04/2008. Web. 10 Sep 2012. . . Did you know?. ProCon. org. N. p. , 08/05/2012. Web. 10 Sep 2012. .

Dult learning Essay

Knowles adult learning surmisal is an attempt to develop adult learning in which he emphasizes that adults are mature people responsible for making sound decisions. There are certain assumptions about the design for learning by Knowles in his theory (Brookfield Stephen, 1994). First, it is assumed that adults need to know the reasons for learning something. Second, adults should learn through experience. Third, adults approach learning as a way of problem solving.Finally, adults learn best whereby the national is of immediate value. These assumptions are important because they reflect the significance of Knowles adult learning theory. In health care organizations, Knowles theory is of paramount importance because it helps them to handle any form of health problem as a way of maintaining safety at work place. Experience and responsibility is of paramount importance and teaching adults on how to handle health issues at work place controls occurrence of health hazards.There are certai n barriers to education or learning which include first, inability of adults to focus on topics. This is a major barrier because the adults have many things to attend to such as family, work and assignments. Second, weak study or fine thinking skills which do not allow the learners to concentrate in class are a major barrier. It is barrier to learning process because the tutor has to break a lot of his or time trying to explain a simple concept to old adults (Taylor Edward, 1999).Third, unlearning old knowledge and low self-esteem is a major barrier to learning process because of old age which makes adult learners to have low esteem. Fourth, adults have very tight schedule during the day and this convey that they have a challenge of time constraints and commitments. References Brookfield Stephen, 1994, Understanding and Facilitating Adult Learning A Comprehensive Analysis of Analysis of Principles and Effective Practices, Open University Press. Taylor Edward, 1999, Adult readin g Philosophy Informs Practice, Adult Learning.

Internal & External Factors that Affect Management

In todays ever changing business world companies from of all sizes kick in to be aware of the various factors that king affect the way they are managed and ultimately operate. There are two main areas where these factors jackpot originate, intragrouply and externally. According to Businessdictionary. com (2013), Internal factors are intragroup strengths and washynesses that an organization exhibits. Internal factors backside strongly affect how fountainhead a company meets its objectives, and they might be seen as strengths if they have a favorable cushion on a business, but as weaknesses if they have a deleterious effect on the business. (para. 1).External factors are the opposite of internal factors because they involve all germane(predicate) forces bug outside a firms boundaries, such as competitors, customers, the g everywherenment, and the economy. In the following we will discuss how a company like Google is affected by internal and external factors that change their four functions of management such as globalization, technology, innovation, assortment, and ethics. Organizational culture is a business DNA.Depending on how strong or weak an organizations culture is will determine how successful that business generally becomes. This analogy cornerstone not be more than evident than with or organization, Google gear uped by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1998 while still at Stanford pursuing graduate degrees. Their youthful outlook remains dominant within company culture today (Johansson, (2010)). Organizationally, Google maintains a casual and democratic atmosphere (quite similar to our owners personalities), resulting in its distinction as a Flat company.Within the walls or more correctly the parameters of this flat company, teams are made up of members with equal authority and certain level of autonomy is maintained. This unique approach has lead Google to boast or so some unique cultural aspects such as double rooms ( hardly a(prenominal) single offices ) with three or four team members, dogs, lava lamps, and massage chairs and even local anesthetic touches like ski gondolas in Zurich, express each offices unique location and personality. With benefits like those, its clear to see how Fortune magazine describes us as the best company in the world to work for.The fostering creative, relaxed work environment along with the entire unique employee perks help shape the strong interrelated culture amongst Google (Johansson, (2010)). On the other hand a week organizational culture can lead to toxic consequences for a business. Consider, Enron, a prime poser. once one of the most successful businesses in its heyday has long gone but its lessons endure. The companys epic fail resulted in the biggest business unsuccessful person ever, facilitated by unethical behavior by its top-level conductors.Ethics which are part of the planning function of management goals are to identify both the rules that should govern peoples beha vior and the products that are worth purchasing. Proper ethical behavior is generally demonstrated and facilitated by top- level manager as a working example for other employees to adopt and cultivate within the organization. Just as character matters in people, it matters in organizations, says Justin Schultz, a corporate psychologist in Denver. This was not the case with Enrons leaders, who sought excess at the expense of their employees, shareholders and community.In the end, those misplaced ethics destroyed Enron and essentially the only product they produced worth seeking can be found in university textbooks that characterizes Enrons unethical behavior (Silverstein, (2013)). Similar to how internal factors influence a company culture throughout an organization and vice versa during planning, external factors can influence management within the function of planning. Particularly technology, for example just as with any planning phase, decisions about technology must balance inte rnal capabilities (strengths and weaknesses) with external opportunities and threats.Management uses several techniques to better understand how technology is evolving within a particular industry (Bateman & Snell, Chapter 10,Assessing External Technological Trends, (2011)). Globalization is another one of the major(ip) factors that can influence the way that a company manages itself. According to Oxforddictionaries. com (2013), globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale (para. 1).According to Adams (2008) Businesses are said to be competing on a level global scarpering field just about without regard to location or nationality. (p. 153). This could be expedient to a company like Google or a disadvantage as well. Planning can be a problem with globalization because not only is Google doing business in other countries they also have offices in them as well. Communication on a real-time level can be difficult by collaborating with people in disparate time zones and languages. This could be helpful thoughas well because of all of the different backgrounds and diversity in the countries that Google operates in can give strong ideas to plan upon. Organizational efforts can be a bit troublesome as well when you are working across such a vast area and diverse people. Getting the right people together to attend meetings, whether its over the phone or face to face via ikon conferencing, can be hard to organize as well. Although again this could be advantageous to Google because of all of the diversity of its employees, organizing can lead to big things.One of the more important functions of management is leading and this could be compromised by globalization in a couple different ways. If you have a employees working on a team that are far apart in different countries, the team leader or manager can find it difficult to get the most out of his workers becaus e of language barriers, time zones, or ethical differences. However, this could work out good for the manager because he or she could use the different backgrounds of the employees to motivate or come up with new tactics to improve efficiency.The one thing that should not have an effect by globalization is controlling. With technology these days watching over or supervising a group, ever over a vast area, is not that difficult. With the invention of video conferencing and things like databases and dashboards, managers are able to see and control a wide variety of things. On the other hand, some things can be easier to get by management, like time working on a project, than if it was all in one building. Another factor that can change the way Google manages itself is diversity.The previous few paragraphs touched on this point a little but this does change things a lot. Planning can be a bit challenging because of how many different backgrounds and morals that a manager has to conside r. Again this can be helpful though as well because of the different ideas that can come out of the diversity of the employees. Organizing these diverse people can be hard as well. Some of them might have different religious holidays and beliefs so the manager might have to work around them to maintain a good moral.On the flip side this could be a good thing because again the diversity can be an advantage to the manager. Leading can be another way that this can be advantageous because a manager can rightfully play on the emotions of their diverse employees by really respecting their beliefs and morals so that the manager can gain respect. The down side is that it might go against the morals of the manager to respect or allow an employees beliefs in which the leader of the team is dissatisfied. Controlling can be difficult because of the different language barriers and time zones to really get a handle on things.With all of these different factors weighing on Googles management func tions, it appears that there are many more advantageous opportunities to increase efficiency and profits while expanding the company to new heights. However, if any of these factors start to change or start to affect the company in a more negative way without addressing it or changing, things might go terribly wrong for the company. So make sure that everything is running smoothly and not to a point that it will look bad on the company.

Gothic Art Essay

knightly art refers to an art movement in the middle ages (Van de Bogart 70) that started in France just about 1140 (the time that the ambulatory of the Church of Saint-Denis was constructed Encarta black letter artifice and Architecture) and lasted up until late 16th ethereal speed throughout Europe (Encarta gothic graphics and Architecture). In this paper, an introduction to knightly art, with a assiduity on Gothic church wickeditecture, shall be discussed. To effectively provide an overview of this dainty elan, this paper shall tackle the undermenti peerlessd the roots of the term, gothic a discussion of the characteristics of Gothic architecture conclusion.Explaining the Term, Gothic The term gothic was apply by Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), the Italian artist and historiographer known for this book on the famous architects, to refer to the artistic style that characterize the French churches such as the Notre Dame de Paris and the Church of Saint-Denis (Chapuis Got hic Art). The term came from the barbarians called Goths who were consequently known to lack the civility that the people civilized people such as the Romans ought to have.These barbarians were one of the Nordic tribes homogeneousned to that of the Vandals as despoilers (Tarnocyova 69) that brought the civilization-filled Roman Empire into flames (Chapuis Gothic Art). As such, the Goths represent a regression or at the very least a certain sort of backwardness, crudeness, and lack of refinement. In fact, the Academie dArchitecture, meeting in 1710, still described unaccept competent architectural expressive styles as gothic (Tarnocyova 69). Hence, the term is originally a pejorative term that intends to throw off down an artistic style and imagine that the style is at the very least barbaric and rude.The reason why Vasari charged the artistic style as gothic has nonhing to do with the merits or demerits of the style. It also has nothing to do with the logic and manners that t he artistic style exhibits. Rather, Vasari, just like most people during the Renaissance, were victims of the prejudices of their period. It should be recalled that the Renaissance was characterized by freeze off for tradition. As such, anything that belonged to the dark ages cannot be considered as good and of value. It is only fairly recent that the artistic manner and beauty of the gothic period is acknowledged for all its already-perceived merits.Gothic Architecture Gothic art is widely known primarily because of Gothic architecture. In fact, as was already stated in the introduction, the beginning of the Gothic period is pegged on the time of the construction of the chevet of the Church of Saint-Denis. It was 1127 when Abbott Suger, accordingly the Abbott of Saint-Denis who was also the confidant of French Kings like Louis VI and Louis VII (Wikipedia Gothic Architecture), decided to rebuild the Church of Saint-Denis. This construct eventually gave modality to a new art per iod. How was this period initiated, then?At this point, it will be worthwhile to initial state the Abbots philosophical ideas that contributed a lot to the underlying spiritual ideology of the Gothic Saint-Denis. Abbot Suger was whatsoever sort of philosopher/theologian in his own right. Corresponding with the theologian Dionysius from Syria (whose philosophy was some sort of Neoplatonist Christianity) (Helfrich narrative of Gothic Architecture), Suger came with the theory that God could best be represented as a powerful groundless, as a supernatural light as he would call it (Helfrich History of Gothic Architecture), who through his omnipotence, spiritualizes everything that is visible.As such, Gods church ought to be a tail end where light is mostly present. Gods church, being the gathering personate of his people, ought to also be the place where God, as light, could put his people in concert represented by an enveloping light. With this in mind, Abbot Suger started rebuil ding the west front of the church first (the abbot left the Carolingian nave untouched and moved to restore the eastern part of the church). The initial impetus that defined the changes that the abbot did on the church was the desire to put more light on the consort.He wanted the effect of having something like a Heavenly capital of Israel (Tarnocyova 69) that is primarily perceived to be luminescent, in one way reflecting the glory, majesty and power of the One legitimate God. In this way, the Church acts truly as Christs earthly bride, demanding heaven-on-earth, making the corporeal reflect what is spiritual. It was this eastern reconstruction that would eventually be considered the very first Gothic art. Putting this warning was not an easy task to do.In the first place, the Romanesque period created bulky churches with thick walls and fewer and littler windows. The creation of light, then, would entail an architecture that was different from what was then mainstream. It was in the face of this task that Abbot Sugers architects thought of using a more sophisticated technology, the pointed arch. The use of the pointed arch gave the architects additional flexibility that was not accessible through the curved arches. For one, the use of the arch cogitatet lesser lateral thrust of the roof on the walls (Chapuis, Gothic Art).In addition to this, the new system of ribbed vaults allowed for thinner columns, allowing the stone material of the vaults to be lighter (Chapuis, Gothic Art) and station to be wider. Another important technology is the debauched buttress that gave support to the thinner walls. These allowed for more space and more windows to be installed in these churches. More space and more windows meant more light penetrating the Church (or, in the case of Saint-Denis, the ambulatory of the church).Thus, Sugers beau ideal is now a reality and Gothic architecture, with its characteristic pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, is f inally born. It does not mean of course that Abbot Suger thought of Gothic architecture from a vacuum. It has to be remembered that ribbed vaults, buttresses, clustered columns, ambulatories, steering wheel windows, spires and richly carved door tympanums were already features of ecclesiastical architecture (Wikipedia Gothic Architecture). Even the pointed arch which is used to typify Gothic architecture is not a product of a strike of genius.Assyrian architecture already made use of pointed arches as early as 720 B. C. (Wikipedia, Gothic Architecture). Islamic heraldic bearing in Europe, most especially in Spain, would account for the introduction of these arches in the West. What characterizes Gothic architecture then is not the presence of these individual architectural traits but the putting of these elements together forming a unique architectural style that allows for spires, space, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, grand lift windows, clustered columns, ambulatories to exist in one magnificent monument.Actually, as it could be noticed, these characteristics were put together not out of whim Abbot Suger did not put these traits together just because. Instead, these architectural traits were utilized because of a purpose the creation of light and space in the choir of Saint-Denis. Thus, as is always acknowledged, these beautiful architectural traits came together out of technical need. Gothic architecture then is a product of a technical and spiritual need that eventually is characterized by the typical Latin cross floor plan at the same literally showing forth height and light (Helfrich History of Gothic Architecture).Everything in a Gothic church shows forth height. This vertical dialect could immediately be felt by an external viewer who may rapture in cultism over the spires and pinnacles of Gothic churches. The facade as well as the entire west front of a church has pointed arches, shafts, and main arcade all of which pointing up. These amplify the already overwhelming effect of spires that unanimously bring the gazers eyes to heaven. Entering the Gothic church would continue that ethereal experience since the nave of a Gothic church is usually very high in proportion to its width.Upon smelling up, the gazer would be led to look the ribbed vaults all of which leading to a boss in a pointing way. Not only would the gazer be enamored by the height that uplifts the spirit there is also the magnificent ray of lights that passes through mannequin glasses and more magnificently through rose windows. Gothic churches are famous for these magnificent rose wheel windows the best ones such as those in Notre Dame and Chartres create the effect of the swamp of light all over the cathedral.These light rays are complemented by the large and numerous other windows in the church. The flooding of light and the univocal stress on height is again complemented by the Gothic sculpture on the tympanum or columns or totally not attached at all to architecture (Encarta Gothic Art and Architecture). Such architecture is characterized by naturalism at the same time the continuous solemn disposition (Encarta Gothic Art and Architecture).ConclusionGothic art, specifically Gothic architecture, has been created ab initio out of the spiritual need that Abbot Suger problematized in Saint-Denis. This was then followed by the architectural-technical need to be able to answer to this spiritual need. These series of needs brought forth the fusion which is now acknowledged to be one of the greatest styles in architecture called gothic art.Works CitedGothic Architecture. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 2 October 2007. 5 October 2007. . Gothic Architecture History Link 101. January 2004. 2 October 2007. http//www. historylink101. com/lessons/art_history_lessons/ma/gothic_architecture. htm. Gothic Art and Architecture. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia, 2002. Gothic Art. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 4 October 2007. 5 October 2007. . P arts of a Cathedral. Medieval Time Reference. 2 October 2007. http//www. btinternet. com/timeref/cathpart. htm Chapuis, Julien.Gothic Art. In Timeline of Art History. October 2002. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 10 October 2007 http//www. metmuseum. org/toah/hd/mgot/hd_mgot. htm. Helfrich, Serge. History of Gothic Architecture. 10 October 2007 http//www. xs4all. nl/helfrich/gothic/architecture. html Tarnocyova, Bronislava. Gothic Architecture capital of Slovakia Leaders Magazine III (2007) 68-69. Van de Bogart, Doris. Introduction to the Humanities Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music and Literature. New York Barnes & Noble, 1970.