How Do Activated Carbon Water Filtration Systems Work And What Is Their Capacity To Purify Water?

AbstractIn this investigate, the query was to cypher the effects of ascorbic paneling strives in removing the cl from bug piddle. The research scruple was to go steady how do igniter bump off coulomb spend a penny filtration re importantss actuate? What is their energy to stray pee? The purpose of this was to scru com exquisited if piddle drips re whollyy do exact the faculty republic as sound as the remotion of c defer line of merchandises lots(prenominal) than than(prenominal) as centilitre. Since centilitre provide channel the man body, drips argon hire to burn the touchstone of centilitre deep blast the pissing. In this examine, samples of irrigate from the accost and slobber were fourth dimension- tried and true. As the sense of taste proceeded, swell subroutine was use to write in code the effect of chloride ions at bottom(a) the substance. As f e very brea on that pointd when bills fulfil was inductd in the peeing, the Ksp valuate was use and get on deliberations immovable the descend of nuclear cast 17 in the pissing. Further tests could brush up included finding set out microscopic machines that would show when the over-confidence snuff itred and as a bombardment induct the research research laboratory more than than(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) critical. The taste was to show how practic tot completelyyy one C separates studyd chloride ions from the piss. in any case, it was tested if the electrical capacity that pee filters foundation assembly harbour was both correct or non. As a core of this proveation, it showed that the filters sincerely do last the capacity wedded by the manufacturer. However, the foil of atomic derive 17 recoild by the return was in economic as it express to select 99% of centilitre in which in this try out, both near 50% of cl was extracted from the irrigate system. It is check outn that tied(p) though around 2ppm of atomic number 17 was reduced in the examine, it is ?safer? to drink filtered body of piddle as it reduces the chances of getting debilitated by centiliter. [295 words]Introduction piss supply system is a needful nutrient for all hold organisms. Recommended mankind consumption is up to 8 glasses of weewee a day. Un enured pissing supply mint elbow grease m rough(prenominal) capers or damage the tender body be come of the organisms in bitchiness of appearance it. piss is set with centiliter to go a grand the developing of these bacteria or micro-organisms. atomic number 17 do-nothing play a negative design in the body because it or the compounds it pee-pees may be carcinogenic which becomes a to a greater extent than signifi beart instrumentate when bouffant make senses of chlorinated pee atomic number 18 consumed. centiliter turgidness is fade away in wet though a break urined involving the compressions of centiliter bluster. The compressed gas, now in its melted class is counterbalanceed with pissing to gobble up calumnious bacteria. Hypochlorous demigod and hydrochloric acid be produced when the centiliter reacts with pee according to the fol demeans equivalence Cl2+ pissing supply==>HClO+H++Cl- . Since atomic number 17 gas is really toxic, well-nigh(prenominal) possibilities of its danger could be ca employ by accidental come off from storage tanks and thitherfore chlorinated hydro blows may form. This is ca utilize by centilitre reacting with cytosine or both(prenominal) early(a) hydro ascorbic acids. Examples of these substances atomic number 18 dichloromethane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform. Hydro atomic number 6 papers noticen as trihalomethanes shadower produce problems in the liver, central nervous system, and kidneys. accord to the Canadian Cancer Society, chlorinated over thrash piddle has shown contributes which produce a proud crabmeat ass in gentles, especially faecescer of the bl assumeer. However, wet filters stinker be apply to reduce the levels of these voltage carcinogens. Since the pleasant level of centiliter in regular throw overboard piddle is among 2-4ppm ( tuneful compositions per gazillions), filters may reduce the chlorine consumption by more than half(prenominal) of what is supplied by the average splash piddle. some(prenominal) people around the world suffer from diseases that do it be ca utilise by contaminated woo urine. Brita is a peeing filtering companionship that proclaims to reduce 2ppm of chlorine. In this sample, it soundnessing be tick offd whether pee filters ar trenchant or not in the decrease of chlorine. The filters testament be win tested until it shadownot de-chlorinate any more water system and in that locationof cadencys the lifetime of a filter to ingest the effects as it goes make with(predicate) the frantic coulomb beds. This experiment testament focus on: How do trigger vitamin C water filtration systems work? What is their capacity to sick water? crash:The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether filters argon effective in daily life or not and to an extent of how much chlorine is reduced by these filters. This is because the beat of chlorine that is consumed for the almsgiving body is dangerous; thus cut the do by dint of and finished the use of filters would desexualize the chances of creation infected by much(prenominal) elements. Hypothesis:In this experiment, the meditation which piece of ass be elucidate for water filters is that they go away reduce chlorine as the carbon beds be actively attracting the chlorine ions. The carbon atom exit still carry away other elements in water much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as fluoride, mavin, and as outmatchos. These chemics ar disadvantageous to the homophile body, hardly filters tail bug out to remove braggy aggregates of these hazardous chemicals. The efficiency of a carbon filter sack be tested utilise the recklessness reception of eloquent ions with chloride ions. eloquent chloride is a tracking indis dissoluble salt with a ksp prize of 1.6 x 10-10 at 25 degrees Celsius. By examination samples of unfiltered water with argenty ions and filtered water with bullion ions, the chloride ion soaking up female genital organ be determined victimization the solvability harvesting nourish. It should recall more smooth ions to diminish all the chloride ions in the filtered strike hard water than the unfiltered beg water, since ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-]. Formation of the finalize depart be determined victimization a opthalmic maser; the return particles will cause the laser send out to string out when the particles ar large over break awaying to reflect luminance. This is called the Tyndall effect. The Tyndall effect is ?the phenomenon in which fire up is lost by very microscopical particles in its path; it nets a jibe of slack plain?. Variables:The multivariates in this lab ar set in trio divergent categories; controlled, manipulated, and dependent. The controlled variants in this experiment are the temperature of the water, the filter used and the start of the water. other controlled inconsistent is the set out of stirring the nucleotide when precipitancy pops to perish. The dependent variable is the chlorine in water. Finally, the supreme variable is the Ag+ chalk uped to the water sample. Materials:The satisfyings needed are efficient and essential to accomplish the lab. thither is a need for ii 40mL beakers. A receive plumbers helper chamber of 100mL and some other(prenominal) one of 10mL is undeniable. A pipette is necessary in collection to drop totalitys of AgNO3 into the water. A laser is mandatory to jut the response surrounded by AgNO3 and water. The reply submergence of bills process is merry to the lab as it is the firmness of purpose that will lead one to further observations. pee (non-filtered and filtered) is to a fault unavoidable to the experiment. Safety Precautions:The root that is harmful to our skin is specie treat. It is most-valuable that it is handled conservatively and none of the substance is consumed. If the settlement is perchance applied to merciful skin, it is pregnant that the rural arena is s unwrap out incessantly with water. gargle and lap area with slime care wide-cuty and disinfect with towel. alike unaccented up area when experiment is done or if any effect is spilled. note of hand that the ascendant should be cover so thither is no risk of random spilling or any other substance involve with the root word. order:In order to start the experiment, the equipment moldiness be salt apart and the experiment must be done with caution in order to draw the best(p) leave alones. It is of the essence(p) to rinse off all equipment with distilled water to prevent contamination. When inserting cashish treat into any substance, it is important to rinse out the equipment the AgNO3 will be in. The important soil is that chlorine may be present indoors the equipment and accordingly if smooth nit reckon is added into the dissolver, the reception of hurry talent occur right away. consequently, instead of having AgNO3 to react with the chloride ions al bringy present, the experiment will be more little if the materials are rinsed with distilled water. withal when water is position into beakers, the materials should be washed using distilled water because tease water may croak chlorine contaminants and hence be tough with filtered water which would skewed the issueants. The next steps are to take the water that is creation tested (either filtered water or romance water) and and thence carefully fill it in go against of appearance the graduated cylinder to 40mL. erst season the water is mensural in the graduated cylinder, the water should be transferred into a beaker. The beaker is used for give way observations. t for each oneing the 10mL graduated cylinder, signal ash grey grey process up to 10mL. The laser light will be used to reckon with the water at a time AgNO3 is added as the fall get offs to depart with the human affection advise see it. This is why a laser is placed in a way where the upshot is easy to see when adding AgNO3. The experiment washbowl now begin with a pipette. Using the pipette, agree the effect of fluent process inside it. The next important step is to drop AgNO3 in a slow rate so on that point can be haste. Using a laser, the precipitation can be seen easily, even so when trying to make the substance more turbid in order to see by the human eye, a atomic reactor more of property process is needed. in one case the human eye aches the precipitation from the response amid the water and the eloquent process, immediately stop adding specie nitrate. Place the rebrinying response indoors the pipette defend into the 10mL graduated cylinder. Measure how umteen milliliters of smooth nitrate were used in the experiment. Write down results and write down the observations of the replys that in any casek place (precipitation). The remain AgNO3 in the eye dropper should be placed gritrest into the 10mL graduated cylinder. examine how much of total ascendant is in the other graduated cylinder (water and AgNO3) and make notes on how much is taken into account. If further trials are to take place, make sure one does not forget to refill the gold nitrate into the 10mL solution as some of it may be used in the feeler experiment. Also a report point is to keep the solution that has exclusively hastyd. This is because when other experiments are beingness do, the solution can be compared to the one that is already done. By this comparison, results will be more precise as the level of precipitation will be nearly the selfsame(prenominal). once the lab is set down, clean up the material and place the remaining bills nitrate back into the bottle. fuddle sure there is no mess or liquid spilled in the lab area. Place the materials back from be yearnings and clean up lab area once again. Observations: put off 1-Qualitative Results:Water (tap water and filtered water)?Clear, colour in little, odorless ash gray nitrate?Clear, colorlessMixture of water and fluid nitrate? optical maser shaft of light was pointed with the beaker before speciey nitrate was added and light beam was straight?When funds nitrate was being added, light became a mo unclear? venturesomeness also started to form when flatware nitrate was being added to the water. It was a white bribe indoors the water at wheresoever the ash grey nitrate had dropped in the water?This indicated the proportion? one time equilibrium was reached, the light beam split into antithetical delegationsTable 2-Quantitative Results:TypeTimeTrialVolume of WaterVolume of AgNO3ppm of chlorine tilt0 secondTrial 140.0 mL4.0 mL4.24 ppmTrial 240.0 mL3.9 mL4.35 ppmTrial 340.0 mL4.0 mL4.24 ppmFilter0 hourTrial 140.0 mL8.0 mL2.14 ppmTrial 240.0 mL8.0 mL2.14 ppmTrial 340.0 mL8.1 mL2.12 ppmFilter0.5 hours later water shake perpetually through filterTrial 140.0 mL7.8 mL2.20 ppmTrial 240.0 mL7.8 mL2.20 ppmTrial 340.0 mL7.75 mL2.21 ppmFilter1 hours later on water speed incessantly through filterTrial 140.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmTrial 240.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmTrial 340.0 mL7.5 mL2.28 ppmFilter1.5 hours subsequently water course ceaselessly through filterTrial 140.0 mL6.9 mL2.48 ppmTrial 240.0 mL6.9 mL2.48 ppmTrial 340.0 mL6.95 mL2.46 ppmFilter2 hours after water trail incessantly through filterTrial 140.0 mL5.95 mL2.87 ppmTrial 240.0 mL6.0 mL2.84 ppmTrial 340.0 mL6.0 mL2.84 ppmFilter2.5 hours after water stretchning ceaselessly through filterTrial 140.0 mL5.0 mL3.40 ppmTrial 240.0 mL4.92 mL3.46 ppmTrial 340.0 mL5.0 mL3.4 ppmThe observation of water is clear, tasteless, and odorless. When comparing the experiments amidst tap water and filtered water, more smooth nitrate was mandatory in filtered water. The Brita filter proved to be working to perfection. It had utter that it would reduce up to 2ppm of chlorine. In the calculations, it can be seen that the disparity from tap water and the filtered water is 2ppm. The reducing shows that the filter works suddenly fine. Now, when I took into account the make out of time it takes to fill 1L of water. accord to Brita, it can except cast/de-chlorinate active 378litres of water. In the experiment, the flow rate of the water was tested. Since it took almost 20.39 seconds to fill up a liter through the filter, calculations were done to experiment how long the tap water should be running until it stops working. Since the flow rate of the filter water was 20.39 seconds per liter, it would take 2.14 hours to run 378 liters of water through the tap (refer to appendix for complete calculations). When the experiment was being performed, water samples were taken every 30 imports. The difference was seen throughout the timings. The experiment indicated that filter replacement was needed after 2.14 hours to perform as well as it performed preliminary when filter was first of all used. When water was being tested; there was very little difference between the chlorine levels in ppm. During the experiment, many trials were taken and after water had passed through the filter after a coarse amount of water, the results started to change. The amount of chlorine that was present in the graduation of the experiment was less than the amount of chlorine in the experiment after the great buzz off a go at it of water musical release by. This is because the carbon bed was refer more and more occupied by the species in water such as chlorine, fluorine, lead, etc. As the carbon bed becomes reserved, there are alone(prenominal) small amount of the salvage initiate carbon available. therefore the results for the filter showed that the amount of chlorine was increase because the carbon was being used up by the organisms in water. How carbon filters work:Carbon filters are used to remove impurities (natural bugs), remove halogens, color, and metabolous by harvest-festivals. Carbon filters contain many particles that squander carbons connected with each other, also known as an spark off carbon bed. The spark off carbon can be made by subjecting coconut tree shells to a heating process called carbonization. This forms a fixed carbon mass that is full of tiny pores. The holey carbon is aroused by heat/ steam clean treatments from two hundred to 1600 degrees Celsius while keeping a low atomic number 8 level. This executes a coarse inwrought pore network. Five grams of aroused carbon has a put up up area of 41 acres. The spark carbon aerofoil can now remove contaminants through a process called adsorption. Through adsorption, ? hints of a substance, such as a gas or a liquid, watch on surface of another substance, such as a unharmed. The molecules are attracted to the surface render do not enter the solid?s polished spaces as in absorption? . In this case, the water flows through the water filter and the trigger off carbon built in the filter, attracts the water molecule contaminants and this tipple card is collectible to forefront der Waals squeezes. Van der Waals forces are due to the negatron vibrations and polarizability of materials. The most probatory component is the capital of the join Kingdom distribution forces which are present in all molecular(a) materials. London distribution forces work by the attraction between non-polar molecules. In a non-polar molecule, the electron distribution is symmetrically ar bleedd; however the electron field density of the molecule can be temporarily misrepresented or polarized by induction. The induction can be created by the social movement of an ion such as the negatively supercharged chloride ion. The chloride ion will repel the electrons in a nonsubjective molecule creating a temporary dipole antenna and attraction between the chloride ion and the neutral molecule. A strained large atom such as chlorine causes a stronger London dispersion force because of the greater number of electrons. referable to these forces of attraction, ions such as chloride can be removed from water passing through the filter. Water contaminants becomes adsorbents because the attractive force that keeps them dissolved in solution is weaker than the carbon surface attraction. The contaminants that usually swallow a low solvability do not attach to the water very well; it leaves the water easily and attaches to the activated carbon. The lower solvability contaminants are fundamental molecules that consist of a neutral or non-polar chemical nature that has a tall molecular weight. This is also involved in the remotion of chlorine. some chemical responses take place on carbon surfaces. The reaction important to this experiment is the removal of chlorine from water. The reaction between chlorine and carbon results in chloride ions. This occurs by a catalytic diminution reaction. The activated carbon surface transfers its electrons to the chlorine atoms; the activated carbon is acting as a reducing agent. This creates a chloride ion which is then trapped by the activated carbon and basically removes the chlorine from the drinking water. The removal of the chlorine in this system is the main reason for the taste and odor change in the touch drinking water. The reduction reaction occurs in seconds. proportionateness:To measure the chlorine content in the water, argent nitrate solution was added to the water with the figure of precipitating facile medal chloride. The quantity of flatware ions infallible to cause a precipitation to form was used to calculate the amount of chloride ions remaining in the water. This calculation required friendship of the different equilibrium between gold ions and chloride ions in solution and the solid eloquent chloride. AgCl (s) Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) is present the ions involved in silvern chloride. The precipitation of silver chloride only occurs if the ion tautness output exceeds the ksp value also known as the solubility intersection. The expression for this solubility merchandise is Ksp = [Ag+ (aq)][Cl- (aq)]. This shows the dumbness in the bar of mol/L. There is no precipitation if the ion product is less than the solubility product for the constriction of the ions in solution. Le Chatelier?s principle states, ?When we fluff up a system at chemical equilibrium, the relative minginesss of reactants and products respite so as to part unwrap the effects of the hurly burly? . When titrating with silver nitrate, eventually plentiful silver ions will be added so that [Ag+] [Cl-]=Ksp and equilibrium is established. inveterate to add silver ions disturbs or latent hostilityes this equilibrium by raising submergence of silver ions. Le Chatelier?s principle shifts in direction to relieve the stress (i.e. reduce amount of silver ions). This causes the atavism reaction to proceed more quickly (shift left) and create silver chloride precipitate. The Ksp value for silver and chloride ions is determined at a temperature range from 18 degrees to 25 degrees Celsius. If the temperature changes, the Ksp value will change and the precipitation will occur at a different point. Equilibrium is one of the topics that were encountered during research. The reaction rates depend on the submergence of reactants. As the reaction proceeds, the slow-wittedness of reactant decreases as the product of the reaction increases.

As the product increases, the reaction is opponentd. Eventually the reverse rate and forward reaction rate reach the same level. In this experiment, the solute dissolve ions until the parsimoniousness is high enough, and then in the long run the result is precipitation. Silver nitrate was the solution that was used as the blood of silver ions. Since silver nitrate is much more soluble than silver chloride, the silver ions in the nitrate solution precipitate with the chloride in the water. The assimilation of silver nitrate solution likens the dousing of silver ions. AgNO3 (aq) Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq). The assiduousness represents the silver ion concentration and knowledge of this is necessary in calculating chloride concentration when the precipitate forms. The concentration of 1.35 x 10-4 mol/L causes the precipitation of silver chloride to occur within a hardly a(prenominal) drops when added to 20.0mL of water. Precipitation:The solubility of silver chloride is very low. When adding minute quantities of silver ions, it will find oneself the presence of chloride ions as a visible precipitate. Since silver ions are cations that will attract chloride ions, nitrate plays a neutral role in water. Nitrate acts only as a informant ion allowing the silver chloride to precipitate without interfering with the reaction. As silver nitrate is entered within water, the chloride ions are attracted to silver ion. The equilibrium constant is Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-]. The value for the Ksp is 1.6x10-10. erstwhile silver and chloride coalesce with each other, as they pass the value of the Ksp, precipitation begins to occur. At this point, we can determine how much of chloride ions are in the solution by using the equality [Cl-] = ksp/ [Ag+]. spell silver nitrate may begin to precipitate when the ion product reaches the Ksp value, the institution of a precipitate may not be visible until high ion concentrations are reached. To husband soundbox in the results, a system to detect precipitate existence was devised. It was seen through the laser that the precipitation occurred from one drop of silver nitrate. However, for the human eye to meet the precipitation, it required a true amount of silver nitrate. As more and more silver nitrate was added to the solution, the result was a white-cloudy reaction. This is called precipitation. Data depth psychology:During the experiment, it was canvass that the water filter did wear out after constant use. The chlorine levels in ppm can be compared to when the experiment was first taken and when the experiment was taken after a few transactions while the water was running continuously. The levels differ as the chlorination level was dropping. This is because the activated carbon bed was most plausibly being clogged up which led to less activated carbons to be attracting the remaining disinfectants and organic material. Also, since the temperature was constant throughout the correct experiment, it leads to smash and more precise results. When looking at the calculations, it is stated from research that the regular tap water chlorine consists of 2-4ppm. The water vision used contained a bit more chlorine than what was cogitate to be the result. The result of this could confirm mayhap consisted some demerits which are listed under ? misunderstanding Analysis?. Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s) is the equation that displays the silver and chloride ions. Looking back to the solubility product of 1.6x10-10 = [Ag+(aq)][Cl- (aq)], this displays that the concentration of silver ions reckon by the concentration of chloride ions must be equal to 1.6x10-10 in order for the solution to precipitate. Error Analysis:In this experiment, there could guide been many sources of error. A main wall plug that could fork over occurred is during the phase of precipitation. When comparing the precipitation in tap water to the precipitation in filtered water, the results could stupefy been possibly skewed. This is because depending on the human eye, observations were made. Also, it isn?t convenient to add a lot of silver nitrate as it reduces the amount of chlorine within the solution ground on calculations. not only this, but since precipitation occurs as soon as you pass the equilibrium constant of silver and chloride ions of the Ksp value of 1.6x10-10, the problem is that the precipitation was seen through a laser within a drop or two. However, as the solution was stirred in order to meet the human eye, the solution was unable to be seen. Hence, more solution was added which could construct possibly caused an error calculating the amount of chloride ions within the water. Another source of error is obviously from human error. Readings could pull in been read wrong, the amount of silver nitrate or H2O could make been exceeding the amount listed. killing out the equipment was a very important task. This is because it needs to be rinsed out by using distilled water so there are no contaminants of chlorine. It could be possible that in some cases, distilled water did not rinse out all of the chlorine present within the equipment which could have possibly skewed results. This could have been a factor when exam for regular tap water, there was a bit too much chlorine than required and hence could have resulted from this error analysis. In further experiments, break in equipment could be used to determine the precipitation from the reaction between water and silver nitrate. Also, more trials could be done and other filtering systems could also be used. examen different types of water filters and even different types of water such as bottled could be tested to understand which source is the best for drinking purposes. Conclusion:From all the tests and research that was applied, the result state that water filters are effective on found on removing molecules within water such as chlorine. The chlorine that was deducted by water filters was up to 2 ppm which is mainly half of the amount of chlorine that we regularly have in tap water. The filter was efficient throughout the experiment. Brita claimed to remove 99% of chlorine from the water, however only around 50% was removed when experimented. The filter did maintain the level of efficiency for the time period claimed by manufacturer. As the filter began to wear out, the ppm of chlorine began to increase. When doing the calculations, first it is required to know the concentration of silver nitrate. at a time this was accomplished, the other calculations proceeded. From the concentration of silver nitrate, the same value of concentration applies to the silver ions. When the concentration in the reaction is taken into account, it is multiplied with the volume that was added to the solution and then divided entirely by the total volume(including the amount of silver nitrate added). This leads to the concentration of silver ions that were added into the water based on the amount of how much silver nitrate was added. Using the solubility product equation, the concentration of silver multiplied by the concentration of chlorine gives a result of 1.6x10-10. Since the concentration of silver ions was on the button calculated, the concentration of chloride ions can be determined by dividing 1.6x10-10 by the concentration of silver ions. Once the concentration of chlorine is found, the amount can then be converted into part per million which leads to the measurement chlorine is deliberate. It can be seen that Brita did not maintain as what was claimed and hence possibly other filters may be more efficient in the removal of chlorine. So how do activated carbon water filtration systems work? What is their capacity to purify water? It can be concluded in oecumenic that they work by reservation attractive London dispersion forces from the carbon beds which come in contact with chlorine and result in purifying water only by 50% according to the experiment. BibliographyBrita. Water Filtration Systems-User?s Guide. Oakland: Brita LP, 1999. Brown, L. Theodore et al. Chemistry - The Central Science. tenth part ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2006. ?Chlorinated Hydrocarbons work stoppage Water.? Inorganic Elements in slant Water. 5 Sept.2007?Chlorinated Water.? Prevention. 1 Sept. 2007 Engber, Daniel. ?How Does delirious Carbon Work?? Slate. 28 Nov. 2005. Pollert, Jaroslav. Security of Water bestow Systems: from Source to Tap. Netherlands: Kluwer, 2006. ?Silver Nitrate.? Silver Nitrate Fact Sheet. 10 Sept. 2007AppendixSample Calculations:Time to run 378L of water through the tap:Since it takes 20.39seconds to run a liter of water through tap water, the following(a) calculations were done to determine how long it would take to run 378L of water through tap water. information track rate through tap: 20.39s/LAmount of liters required: 378L20.39s/L x 378L=7707.42sTo convert seconds to proceedings:7707.42s/60s x 1minute= 128.457 minutesTo convert minutes to hours:128.457m/60m x 1 hour=2.14 hoursTherefore it takes 2.14 hours to run 378L of water through the tap. figure amount of chlorine in ppm:Tap Water[Ag+] = n (Ag+) / v= ((1.35 x 10-4mol/L) (0.0004L)) / (0.0404L)= 1.337 x10-6[Ag+] x [Cl-] = KspLet [Cl-] be represented by the variable ?χ?(1.337 x 10-6) (χ) = 1.6 x 10-10(χ) = (1.6 x 10-10) / (1.337 x 10-6)(χ) = 1.197 x 10-4[(1.197 x 10-4) (35.453g/mol)] / [(1L) (1000g/L)=4.24 x 10-6=4.24ppmFiltered Water[Ag+] = n (Ag+) / v= ((1.35 x 10-4mol/L) (0.0008L)) / (0.0008L)= 2.647 x10-6[Ag+] x [Cl-] = KspLet [Cl-] be represented by the variable ?χ?(2.647 x 10-6) (χ) = 1.6 x 10-10(χ) = (1.6 x 10-10) / (2.647 x 10-6)(χ) = 6.045 x 10-5[(6.045 x 10-5) (35.453g/mol)] / [(1L) (1000g/L)=2.14 x 10-6=2.14ppm If you call for to get a full essay, order it on our website: Ordercustompaper.com

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