Advertising for Advocates

A bar on announce for Advocates in India low Advocates correticuloendothelial systempond,1961 and avoid Council of India divulge oneselfs ANALYSED BY MOSES PINTO 5TH YEAR LL. B. (HONS. ) ROLL NO. 512 pedantic YEAR 2012-13 PREFACE later the Second World War the transnational Economic Order which emerged, encouraged Free Trade in goods & work. India was a fo below shrinkatory to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since 1947, which take to the radiation patternation of WTO, on 1stJanuary 1995.This has led to a whole child interchangeable debate in India over the stringent jurisprudencefulnesss governing code of morals and morality of legitimate Professionals on one hand and the WTO laws on the opposite hand. This debate revolves around major issues pertaining to the objectives of legitimate traffic, consumerism, hearty justice, Indian inscription to WTO regime, competition law etc. Some workals argue that the shift in dish out nature of judici al function sh tot entirelyy hamper victor morality and concept of justice to all.Some otherwises say that the statutes imposed on the sub judice operate sector atomic number 18 contrary to the goals and purpose of competition constitution and Competition Act, 2002. At the heart of this controversy lies the issue of sanctioned advertizement. The lawyers in India are barred from manize their work considering the business to be a noble one and much(prenominal) announce to be derogatory to that profession. adverts are a forum for paying the utility of goods and aids. Further, it enhances and encourages competition in the relevant mart by providing a forum for launching of new products.To cope up with the WTO laws and norms and looking at the current trend which has subjected legal profession to portion out laws, it has become inevitable to lay off the legal passe-partouts to say and to rethink about the policy of law in India. People think whether this kind of forbiddance based on age old norms is viable in this unexampled era. The debate of the hour in the Indian legal world is on why the profession should ache very strict curbs on promoting its work stemming from laws that originate from British thinking when the rude from where it originates has itself through with(p) away with the curbs?In the view of the above background, I would like to discuss the laws expatriatening the publicizing for legal professionals in India and their implications, considering the military position of such(prenominal) laws in other unquestionable countries owing to the WTO norms. INDEX I. CHAPTER I The Law on sound publicize in India * The law under public house Council of India Rules * The Judiciary on this regularise II. CHAPTER IILaw in other Countries * federal agency in U. K. * Position in U. S. * Position in other countries troika. CHAPTER III The Constitutional severity of Rule 36 IV.CHAPTER IV Disadvantages of eschewning intelli gent Ads * Consumerism and Informed survival * Advertisement on Internet * Other disadvantages * Need for rule the advertising V. CONCLUSION. I. CHAPTER I The Law on Legal advertizement in India After taking into account the proposeations of the Law Commission on the subject of square away of Judicial Administration relating to the Bar and to legal education and to implement the recommendations of the wholly India Bar Committee made in 1953, the Indian Legislature came up with the Advocates Act, 1961.This act under the pieceition 4 forms a Bar Council of India to scotch all the legal professionals and legal education in India. The Bar Council of India is the substitution institution for supervising and monitoring the growth and emergence of legal services and the functioning of advocates & related trustys & corporations in India. Pursuant to the functions of Bar Council of India under section 7 and its power to accommodate rules under section 49 of the verbalize Act, i t has enacted the Bar Council of India Rules which are binding on all the legal professionals in India. The law under Bar Council of India Rules There is a complete dismiss on advertising for lawyers in India. The Bar Council of India, pursuant to its functions mentioned under portion 7(1)(b)9 of the Advocates Act read with its powers to make rules under Section 49(1)(c)10 has framed Rule 36 of the Bar Council of India Rules under Section IV(Duty to Colleagues) of Chapter II(Standards of Professional Conduct and Etiquette) of recess IV(Rules Governing Advocates).Rule 36 reads as under An advocate shall not snitch work or advertise, either directly or indirectly, whether by circulars, advertisings, touts, in the flesh(predicate) communications, interviews not warranted by own(prenominal) relations, furnishing or inspiring newspaper comments or producing his photographs to be published in connection with flakes in which he has been industrious or concerned. His sign-board or name-plate should be of a originatorable size.The sign-board or name-plate or stationery should not indicate that he is or has been President or Member of a Bar Council or of each Association or that he has been associated with either person or organisation or with whatsoever dispelicular cause or matter or that he specialises in any particular type of work or that he has been a Judge or an Advocate General. Thus, it is against an advocates code of ethics to solicit or advertise work and amounts to a misconduct on the part of the advocate. Both direct and indirect advertising is prohibited.An advocate whitethorn not advertise his services through circulars, publicizings, touts, personal communication or interviews not warranted by personal relations. Similarly, the following forms of indirect advertising are prohibited A. by issuing circulars or election manifestos by a lawyer with his name, profession and address printed on the manifestos, thereby appealing to the members of the profession practising in the demoralize approachs who are in a position to recommend clients to counsel practising in the high court B. anvassing for votes by touring in the res publica or sending out his clerk or agents to the various districts, which moldiness(prenominal) necessarily mean directly approaching advocates practising in subordinate courts. Further, the sign or nameplate displayed by an advocate should be of a reasonable size. It should not refer to details of an affiliated by the advocate i. e. that he is or has been commandnt or member of a bar council or of any association, or he has been a Judge or an Advocate-General, or that he specialises in a particular kind of work, or hat he is or was associated with any person or organisation or with any particular cause or matter. Further advertising on earnings is too prohibited. Bar Council of India, in a notice dated twenty-first October 1999, reaffirmed that such advertisements on the Internet are consid ered an offence. It ordered all the legal Websites to be withdrawn immediately, under threat of legal action ranging from acting(prenominal) suspension to permanent debarring of the lawyer from practice. The above rule has been vehemently obligate by the Bar Council of India, simply disregarding all the criticisms made against this antediluvian rule.Further, the record books of Section IV of Chapter II of Part IV of Bar Council of India Rules are clear i. e. Duty to colleagues. This means that the another reason scum bag enactment of such a norm is to veto the advocates, law firms, etc from entice the clients of their adversary and to snatch away the business of their adversary. Such a law is also made in order to help the small and secret advocates and firms to rise in the market and do business. The purpose behind it is to prevent a set of lawyers from taking unreasonable advantage. likewise such a law prevents lawyers from falling below their dignity in order to fetch cli ents by doing anything and therefrom degrading the nature of the profession. * The Judiciary on this rule The courts create more or less concord with the view of the Bar Council and have implemented the rule pose down by the Council pertaining to advertising. The compulsive motor lodge of India observed inBar Council of Indiav. M. V. Dhabolkar, that .. the quite a littleons of ethics and propriety for the legal profession totally taboo conduct by way of soliciting, advertising, scrambling and other objectionable practices. It nurture noted thatLaw is not a trade, not briefs, not merchandise, and so the heaven of commercialised competition should not vulgarize the legal profession. The Allahabad High romanceobserved that self advertising tends to lower the dignity of this honourable profession and is undoubtedly akin to touting. The Bombay High Court in political sympathies Pleaderv. S, a Pleader considered sending a circular postcard merely giving the address and descri ption as an improper conduct by the Advocate.The High Court of Madras went one tonus ahead in SK Naickerv. Authorised Officer and held that even a sign board or a name-plate should be of a moderate size. It has been get on observed that writing of articles for outcome in newspapers under his signature, where the writer describes himself as an Advocate practicing in the court as a flagrant break away of professional etiquette. Thus, legal advertising by out-of-the-way(prenominal) is a taboo in India and the courts have more or less approved and agreed with this rule framed by Bar Council of India.II. CHAPTER IILaw in other Countries Legal advertising has been an important and widely used fauna of communication in many common law countries and in some of the developed countries like US, UK, etc. It is used by the lawyers to promote their professional services. It is allowed in most of the countries with regulations regulating it as compared to India where it is on the whole b anned. In these countries the regulation is done in order to avoid imitation, misleading & deceptive advertisements exactly advertisements disp position truth are allowed. The legal system is often a mystery, and we, its priests, preside over rituals baffling to everyday citizens. Henry Miller * Position in U. K. The provision banning advertisement espouse in India has its roots in Victorian notions of U. K. which considered each and every profession to be noble and utter that such a regulation is necessary in order to deliver the dignity and splendour of this profession. Earlier, in U. K. too advertising was banned for professionals like lawyers. But later this ban was glomed.The Monopolies and Mergers Commission in 1970 and the review attached by the Office of Fair Trading in 1986 pointed out at the advantages of letting the professionals advertise and the benefits availed by from relaxing such norms. Ultimately the ban was lifted and the restrictions lowered and thus le gal selling and legal advertising became a reality in U. K. * Position in U. S. In U. S. the position was somewhat similar to that in India until 1977. There was a complete ban on advertising for legal professionals. This position took a complete U-turn after(prenominal) the end of the U.S. compulsory Court on 27thJune 1977 in the strip of Batesv. asseverate Bar of Arizona. The self-governing Court validated legal advertising and nullify the law of State Bar of Arizona banning legal advertising by a majority of 54 prop such a law violative of setoff Constitutional Amendment. Prior to this exercise, the U. S. Supreme Court validated commercial advertisement and gave its scope in the 1942 case of Valentinev. Chrestensen. Later in Bigelow v. Virginia (1975) and inVirginia State Board of Pharmacyv. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council Inc. (1976) the U. S. S. C. nvalidated laws restraining ads selling abortion services and ads showing prices of prescription drugs on the basis that they violate First Constitutional Amendment i. e. Freedom of Speech and Expression and held thatthe free die hard of commercial learning is indispensable. All these decisions were adopted in the Bates judgment by the US SC and it was held that truthful legal advertising should not be prohibited as there is nothing wrong in it. The court invalidated in this appeal the law prohibiting legal advertising holding it to be violative of freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by the First Constitutional Amendment.Justice Blackmun argued that commercial speech does merit First Amendment protection habituated the important functions it serves in society, such as providing consumers with information about services and products, and helping to allocate resources in the American system of free-enterprise. The Court held that allowing attorneys to advertise would not harm the legal profession or the administration of justice, and, in fact, would supply consumers with valuable infor mation about the availability and toll of legal services. But the states are allowed to regulate and monitor the advertising by advocates.This is discernable from the later judgments of various state Supreme Courts which have upheld the laws regulating and limit certain practices of legal advertising. * Position in other countries The position in other developed countries is also quite clear. Advertising is allowed in most of the countries. In France, though the law is not that gravid, it stands somewhere amid Indian and U. K. position. There is not a complete ban on advertising. Also in Italy, the legal marketing has been legalized by the Bersani Decree of 2004 which was enforced in 2007.This has been professedly for most of the European countries like Germany, Spain, etc. Legal Advertising is a reality everywhere. Besides countries in the West, Asiatic countries such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Malaysia have been progressively relaxing their regulations on legal advertising to adapt to global demands. For instance, Malaysias Legal Profession (Publicity) Rules, passed in 2001 is a simple yet comprehensive code that regulates advertisements in legal and non-legal directories, controls publication of journals, magazines, brochures and newsletters by lawyers and interviews in electronic and print edia, bars publicity through clients and even includes a rule that regulates lawyers sending greeting cards on special occasions. In Hong Kong, lawyers are forbidden from advertising on television, communicate and cinema. Though advertising in print is permissible, larger firms prefer substitute(a) strategies such as engaging in aggressive client and public relations programmes and branding exercises. Even in Singapore the legal advertisements are allowed with certain restrictions.Thus, it is clear that most of the countries have adopted a liberal policy towards legal advertising and has allowed it to meet the global demands and compete with the other countries . This has resulted but in advantages and benefits for those countries and no harm is done on the contrary. III. CHAPTER III The Constitutional validity of Rule 36 The Rule 36 of Bar Council of India Rules, prohibit advocates from advertising. This Rule cannot be challenged with regards to A. 19(1)(a) i. e. reedom of speech and expression as done in US in the case ofBatesv. Arizona State Bar, because of the decision of Indian Supreme Court in the case ofHamdard Dawakhanav. Union Of India. The Supreme Court came on to decide validity of law banning advertisement for the sale of certain medicines in this case against A. 19(1)(a) of Constitution of India. The Court held that An advertisement is no doubt a form of speech but its true character is reflected by the object for the promotion of which it is employed. It assumes the attributes and elements of the activity under Art. 9 (1) which it intoxicateks to aid by packing it to the notice of the public. When it takes the form of a co mmercial advertisement which has an element of trade-or commerce it no longer falls at bottom the concept of freedom of speech for the object is not propagation of ideas social political or economic or furtherance of literature or human thoughtbut as in the present case the commendation of the efficacy, value and importance in treatment of particular diseases by certain drugs and medicines. In such a case, advertisement is a part of business even though as described by Mr.Munshi its imaginative part, and it was being used for the purpose of furthering the business of the petitioners and had no relationship with what may be called the essential concept of the freedom of speech. It cannot be tell that the unspoiltfulness to publish and distribute commercial advertisements advertising an individuals personal business is a part of freedom of speech guaranteed by the Constitution. In the view of the above decision, the commercial advertisement is not a part of freedom of speech an d expression and thus ban on advertisement for advocates is justified to be falling within reasonable restriction as stated under A. 9(2). The only remedy left is to challenge its organic validity against A. 19(1)(g) i. e. freedom to carry on Trade, Profession or Business. oblige 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution of India confers every citizen with the correctly to choose his own physical exertion or to take up any trade or calling. This right is impregnated with an implied right for availing all the mechanisms and resources including advertising for doive carrying of the trade or melodic phrase provided it doesnt go against public interest.Any blanket bar on this right would be unreasonable when there is an option of constituting a specialized administration body that would examine the content of the advertisement. The question that remains is whether legal profession falls under the category of trade or business so as to avail the above right? Even though the administration in the words of Justice Krishna Iyer, has held that Legal Profession is such a noble Profession that it cannot form a part of trade or business, the recent trend of the courts is to justify this profession as a rade. everyplace the years, the courts have recognized Legal assistant as a service rendered to the consumers and have held that lawyers are accountable to the clients in the cases of deficiency of services. In the case ofSrinathv. Union of India, the Madras High Court held that, in view of Sec. 3 of Consumer protective cover Act, 1986 that Consumer redressal forums have jurisdiction to deal with claims against advocates. Sec. 2 (U) of the Competition Act, 2002 defines the term benefit along the lines of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986.Also the decision of Supreme Court in prohibitiongalore piss Supply and Sewerage Boardv. A. Rajappa,holds that legal profession is covered under the definition of the term Industry under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. Further it shou ld be noted that India is a part of WTO and is subjected to WTO laws and legal services are listed as a subsection of Business Services in WTO Services Sectoral potpourri list. In the view of the above background, the fundamental right to advertise guaranteed under A. 19(1)(g) can be given to the legal professionals to promote their services.This right thus, can be taken away only by imposing a reasonable restriction under A. 19(6) of the Constitution The Supreme Court further observed that Unless it is shown that there is a reasonable relation of the provisions of the Act to the purpose in view, the right of freedom of occupation and business cannot be curtailed by it.. the phrase reasonable restriction connotes that the limitation imposed on a person in enjoyment of the right should not be arbitrary or of an excessive nature,beyond what is inevitable in the interests of the public. The word reasonable implies intelligent are and deliberation, that is, the choice of a course whic h reason dictates. Legislation which arbitrarily or excessively invades the right cannot be said to contain the quality of reasonableness and unless it strikes a proper balance between the freedom guaranteed in Art. 19 (1) (g) and the social control permitted by cl. (6) of Art. 19, it moldiness be held to be wanting in that quality. Restrictions can be laid by regulating and monitoring the advertising but not exclusively banning it as it would be going beyond what is required as regulating the advertisement is sufficient in public interest.Presently a writ petition is pending before the Indian Supreme Court ambitious this rule of Bar Council of India. The petition was filed by Mr. V. B. Joshi who is an advocate practicing in the Supreme Court. In the last hearing of this matter in September 2007, the Government agreed to relax this law a bit. The Government agreed to allow the lawyers advertise on their own website and to enter their name into online directories but all these to be done under a committee monitoring it. IV. CHAPTER IV Disadvantages of banning Legal Advertisements globalisation brought about a revolution in supranational trade with increasing participation and involvement of countries The implication of the same on the legal service sector has been both quantitative and qualitative. The past tenner has been mini-revolution in legal service sector with the greatest legal stupor on corporate legal arena activities in project financing, gifted property protection, environmental protection, competition law, corporate taxation, infrastructure contract, corporate face and investment law were almost unknown before 90s.Globalization has spread out the internal and external demand for legal services. Today trade in legal services is an inevitable fact and is at the same era significant for progressive development of legal profession in India in this era of Globalization. * Consumerism and Informed Choice In the age of consumerism and competitio n law, consumers right to free and fair competition is paramount and cannot be denied by any other consideration. Informed choice is one of the rights of a consumer. Ban on advertising leads to depriving consumers of valuable information about the advocates.This has resulted in a situation where consumers cannot make an sure choice from the competitive market since information relating to the service is not available to them. Moreover restriction on professional firms on informing potency users on range of their services and potential causes further injury to the competition. The services available to consumers of India are only house servant legal service providers and consumers most often are left at the mercy of advocates and the system . Thus it is very detrimental as they cannot quicken to any other service provider in absence of choice. Advertisement on Internet Looking at the recent trend of Globalization and India joining the WTO, it has become inevitable to let lawyers a dvertise to compete in the global market. Not allowing lawyers to advertise has resulted in Indian lawyers losing a mint candy of potential clients internationally. It is realized that in this era of cyber age instead of bit to the Yellow Pages, the public increasingly uses online search engines and other Internet tools to find needed goods and services and with the concepts of legal process outsourcing increasing, i. . to find cheap legal services, people from countries like UK and US and other developed countries search for such services online. But these searches results in not a single Indian attorney or advocate or a law firm as India bans advertising by them as compared to other neighboring Asian countries which allow it and hence a lot of potential clients are lost, in turn affecting the economy of India largely. Thus, India has lost lot of economic revenues and thus it would be beneficial for Indias economy to lift the ban on advertising for advocates.The Government has re cently agreed on lifting it but only allowing the advocates to advertise on their own websites and in online legal directories. But no one knows when this will be implemented. * Other disadvantages The report of Monopolies and Mergers Commission in U. K. stated that restrictions on advertisement by professionals reduce the stimulus to efficiency, cost saving, innovation, new entry to professions and competition within the professions.Thus, new entrants who require to establish their name in the market in order to get clients, are deprived of doing so through advertising as this is the most simplest and easiest method to enter into a market. Also restrictions enhance the more undesirable personal effects of less open methods of self promotion. Also they could give a false image to a profession. Thus banning advertisement by lawyers is completely disadvantageous to the Indian society as a whole. * Need for regulating the advertising The need of the hour is to lift the total ban on ad vertising by advocates but not to completely let it free.It is required to be adjust. In case it is not monitored and regulated, then there would be lot of malpractices of misrepresentation, deceptiveness and false advertisements which would affect the society and degrade the nobility of this profession. The U. K. s Monopolies and Merger Commission in its report stated that the restrictions on legal advertising should be lifted but the law must also provide that 1. No advertisement, circular or other form of publicity used by the member should claim for his practice transcendency in any respect over any or all of the practices of other members of the profession. . Such publicity should not contain any inaccuracies or misleading statements. 3. While advertisements, circulars and other publicity or methods of soliciting may.. make clear the intention of the individual member to seek customers, they should not be of a character that could reasonably be regarded as likely to bring the profession into disrepute. Thus, it is required that the advertising by legal professionals be regulated in order to avoid instances of ambulance chasing, barratry, misrepresentation, etc. This kind of regulation is also permissible under A. 9(1)(6) of Constitution of India in the interests of public. V. CONCLUSION The ban on legal advertisements in India has not proved healthy so far for the Indian economy as well as Indian consumers. India has adopted WTO laws and a free market policy and thus accepting trade facet of legal services would develop this profession qualitatively. The Raghvan Committee has summed up the effect of the existing regulatory system in professional services as .. the legislative restrictions in terms of law and self-regulation have the ombined effect of denying opportunities and growth of professional firms, restricting their desire and ability to compete globally, preventing the country from obtaining advantage of Indias considerable expertise and preclud ing consumers from opportunity of free and informed choice. Time is ripe to break shackles of this overwhelming regulation subjecting legal profession away from modernity and banning it from advertising. India must remember its commitment to WTO for coal scuttle service sectors including, legal services, globally.Thus all the regulations have to be in congruity with competition policy and the Act. Hence, there is a craving need to lift this ban and to form rules and policy to monitor and regulate legal advertising. A committee could be formed to ensure compliance but laying blanket ban on legal advertising would hamper development and growth of India. BIBLIOGRAPHY Articles, Websites, Reports and others 1)Abhibav Kumar, Lawyers must be allowed to advertise, at http//news. indlaw. com/guest/columns/default. asp? abhinav (last visited on twenty-fifth November, 2007). 2)Anubha Charan, Is it unethical for lawyers to put up their own Website? , October 15, 2001, at http//www. rediff. com/search/2001/oct/15law. htm (last visited on 24th November, 2007). 3)Bar Council Entry of Foreign Lawyers in India, August 30, 2003 at http//www. news . indiainfo. com/ (last visited on 22nd November, 2007). 4)Bhadra Sinha, Lawyers may be allowed web ads, September 19, 2007, at www. hindustantimes. com (last visited on 20th November 2007). 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