Impact of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial Infections

adjoin of Global Epidemiology of Bacterial InfectionsBABATUNDE OLUJIMI OLOGUNDETOPIC Discuss the concern of vaccination on the global epidemiology of bacterial infections.Bacterial infections atomic number 18 infections transmitted by un healthful bacteria. Infection occurs when an organism enters into the host and establishes a relationship which may lead to a disease condition. jibe to (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en) almost bacteria are harmless or are more or less proficient while few are pathogenic. WHO storied that pathogenic bacteria ease up to the new(prenominal) glob ally important diseases such as pneumonia whose etiologic agents could be Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas species. Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lungs which affects primarily the microscopic piece of cake sacs called alveoli. Typical symptoms include cough, chest pain, fever and difficulty in breathing. (WHO.int/topics/epidemiology/en).For the usance of this essay I will b e talking about pathogenic bacteria. These are the bacteria that cause cracking infections depending on their degree of virulence.Epidemiology, correspond to the British Medical Journal (BMJ) is the study of the frequency of point of diseases among diverse groups of people. WHO defined epidemiology as the study of the spread and determinants of health related states or events such as disease condition, the application of epidemiology involves various methods investigations, surveillance and descriptive and analytical studies.The information obtained is very useful by both the giving medication and the health Ministry to plan and evaluate slip authority to restrain such diseases. too in patient already affected, epidemiological information serves as a guide to their management. Epidemiology helps the health workers to measure the disease outcomes among the population at risk. vaccination Prevention and control of bacterial infections can be achieved by vaccination. As the say ing goes legal profession is better than cure. Prevention includes vaccination as an environmental measure. inoculation is the administration of antigenic material in decree to stimulate the individuals immune system to develop adaptative immunity to the pathogen.According to centre for Disease Control (CDC) disease prevention is a key to public health. CDC, opined that vaccines are answerable for control of more a(prenominal) infectious diseases that were once third estate around the world. Examples of such diseases are diphtheria, pertusis, tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae and pneumonia. order of transmission ranges from mother to foetus, sperm to embryo, among families and social groups (The Marshall Protocol familiarity Base). MPKB further stated that certain infections such as gonorrhea, influenza and common cold are transmitted through physical contact as in sexual intercourse, and droplets due to coughing and sneezing. Five papers were reexamineed in this essay and cr itically analysed.1. Maternal tetanus toxoid vaccination and neonatal mortality in rural North. India Singh et al (2012)The above Journal examined the impact of antenatal vaccination in rural India where neonatal mortality ways prevalent. In this paper, Singh et al, (2012) utilized the Indian field family Health Survey (NFHS), and analysed the expiration rate of singleton births with maternal tetanus vaccination as easy as patient attending antenatal clinics being given folic acid and iron. tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani, a Gram positive bacilli.In their observation, it was state that part of the factors responsible for high mortality rate was lack of fitting health facility, in the larger poor society of the densely dwell India.The paper further observed that there has been improvement in health condition of the rural population partly due to advances in merchandise of vaccines as well as storage and its distribution. As a essence of this they have further record ed a higher immunological rejoinder (Singh et al, 2012). This paper cerebrate that in their study of the socio economic aspects of the survey, it is evident that poorer aged women rejected the vaccination.Furthermore, religion was also an important factor that militated against the success of the answer specially Muslims women not only in India but other fellowship of developing country such as Nigeria, Mali, Gambia, etc. (RAM F Singh A (2006). In their paper titled is antenatal care effective in improving maternal health in rural ultar predesh?Lastly, Singh et al (2012) concluded that in spite of the effort of the government through the agency of National Rural Health Mission to avail health care to all the poor and the marginalized were still not taken care of adequately.2. Impact of pneumococcal coupled vaccination on otitis media Taylor et al (2012). In this article, the authors Taylor et all aimed to look into the impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) for the justification of patients against acute otitis media (AOM).According to Taylor et al (2012). Acute otitis media (AOM) is among the foremost reasons for frequent hospitalization as well as prescription of antibiotics for young children. AOM is commonly reported among young children oddly those within the age 1 3 years. The microbial pathogens implicated which study for 70 80% of samples collected from middle ear fluid are Streptococcus pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae.The figure below shows observation data base studies in OM rate for years before and after 7 valent PCV introduction in year 2000.Taylor at al observed that it was difficult to find conquer controls in a well immunized population. They however noted that OM judge have reduced by approximately 10% as a result of the introduction of 7v CRM on a long term duration.Since Taylor et al (2012) suggested that influences other than the PC, were partly responsible for above 15% reduction, it follows that more seek needs to be ane to determine other factors that could be responsible for its reduction.3. Bacterial meningitis The impact of vaccination Makwana N Riordan FA (2007)In this article, the authors observed that one of the main causes of death among children under the age of 2 years is acute bacterial meningitis, due to the immaturity of their immune response to polysaccharide antigens. Makwana Riordan (2007) noted that as a result of the introduction of Haemophillus influenzae type 6 (Hib) conjugate vaccine there was a dramatic reduction in the occurrence of all invasive Hib diseases and that of meningitis, both in the united Kingdom and United State.However, while developed countries such as the UK and US have hands down introduced the vaccines, most developing countries are in capacitated due to the huge woo (Makwana Riordan, 2007)4. Inequity Worldwide Andre et al (2007)In this article, Andre et al, opined that vaccines are primarily meant to prevent diseases and not necessari ly for apology. However some vaccines are also for protection as well as prevention. They noted that in Finland, USA and other places across the globe, influenza vaccination was discovered to serve as protection against diseases related to the main target. They concluded that vaccination has immense benefit which encompass beyond mere prevention of specific diseases in the patients.CONCLUSIONVaccination helps both children and adults According to Ranganathen et al. (2009), vaccination against Strept. pneumoniae have proficient evidence to stick out their use. The use of vaccine has led to declined incidence of these infections in adults because many adults acquire infections from children Ranganathen et al. (2009), observed that streptococcal pneumonia vaccine is available for adults and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal disease. In the summary of the article by Andre et al (2007), they opined that a comprehensive vaccination programme is necessary fo r good public health and this will go a long way in minimizing inequities and poverty globally.In order to globally combat most of not all, these pathogenic bacterial infections, the developed countries would need to come to the support of the less developed or the developing countries through the agency of WHO.As much as he less privileged countries are impulsive to be free from the global epidemic, the huge cost of the procurement of the vaccines is a major hindrance as well as religion beliefs especially the Muslim communities in Africa.REFERENCESThe Marshall Protocol Knowledge Base Autoimmunity enquiry FoundationMakwana, N Riordan FA Bacterial meningitis The impact of vaccination (year)Taylor S, Marchisco P, Vergison A, Harriagne J, Handsdorf WP, Hanggard M Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on otitis media A systematic review 201254 (12)1765 73Sinah A, Pallikadavath S, Ogollah R, Stones W. Maternal Tetanus Toxoid Vaccination and neonatal mortality in Rural North I ndia. 2012 vol 7 issue 11.