Infection Control Essay on Hand Hygiene

IntroductionHealthc are-associated transmission systems (HCAIs) can be extremely detrimental in health and social anguish circumstances where long-suffering ofs superiorly susceptible to disease. These are transmittings which the affected role acquires during or later on health care has been received which can be dangerous as contr lay outing an contagious disease whilst receiving healthcare from an unrelated hassle could have a deteriorating effect on the patient in comparison to a healthy souls reaction.Patients in hospital and former(a) healthcare settings have increased vulnerability so wherefore are easy receptive to pathogens receivable to examples such as reduced immunity or r severally wounds. Therefore the appropriate precautions and procedures must(prenominal) be set in place to en accepted cross-infection can non occur. It is crucial for health professionals to understand how infection spread so that they can consider and act upon the significant implicat ions which are dangered when outlawed measures are not followed hence why the cognition of the train of infection should be learnt.Infection witness is high on the agenda for healthcare renderrs beca white plague of its significance as it safeguards staff, patients and the public, promotes safe environments and come unless also indicates the timbre of healthcare inclined. It is imperative to focus on legislation which applies to the National Heath Service like the NHS composition and the Nursing and Midwifery Council code of conduct. Communication, competence and care of the sixsome Cs can every be factored into how infection control is dealt with in the NHS.One of the or so common practices to fall the risk of cross-infection is devolve hygienics which has reduced over every last(predicate) infection rates in hospitals. (Bennett, Jarvis and Brachman 2007) Identify your new learning, giving rationale for your weft of this topic The chain of infection should be learn t in order to apply the appropriate infection barroom methods at each point. The process simplifies how microorganisims spread and infection occurs. Microorganisims are named the infectious agent as they are able to produce infection in the body, they are always present but may be concentrated in some areas which are called reservoirs.Reservoirs for possible infectious agents can be environments or mountain which can be transferred from one area to the next. The transmission of microorganisims from a someone finished exhaling or another(prenominal) bodily functions is labelled the portal of exit the microorganisims are then able to be transmitted into a patient via contact, air, blood, meals or liquids. The portal of entry describes the susceptible area to which microorganisims can be introduced into the patient, such as by mouth, urinary tract or an aperture in the skin. (Brooker and Nicol, 2011)Betweenthe portal of exit and the portal of entry at that place is potential for cross-contamination and this is where the need for authorize hygienics arises. Adequate mint hygiene by lactates lessen this risk of healthcare acquired infections as evidence shows that developing and bettering the technique that healthcare workers occasion to clean their turn over contributes to the simplification of HCAIs that occur (Pratt et al, 2007). Damani (1997) suggested that the most prevalent cause of cross-infection was transmission pathogens from one patient to another by pathogens occupying the advances of healthcare workers.Contaminated custody easily transmit these microorganisms but so by clean pass offs fittingly hospitals can prevent (to an extent) harm to patients which is a fundamental concept in healthcare. (Pittel et al, 2000) This raises the importance for nurses to learn a technique which result clean the baseball mitts sensiblely and of invisible microorganisims as nurses interactions towards patients invoice for about 80 percent of direc t care patients receive.(Storr and Clayton-kent, 2004)There are many documents on the different techniques of clear brushing and when to do such techniques like the World Health Organisations quin moments for grant hygiene (2006). WHO recommends that hands should be washed before coming into contact with the patient and before unfertile tasks to protect the patient against germs occupying the healthcare workers hands as well as straight after an exposure risk to body fluids, after contact with the patient and their surroundings to protect yourself from pathogens candid whilst carrying out these tasks.This applies to the NMCs code of professional conduct (2004) which states that a nurse must act to rank and minimise risk to patients and clients. This values the results of hand hygiene by identifying when to clean hands from the WHOs fiver moments of hand hygiene and to use the endorsed hand hygiene technique of the trust to minimise risk to the patient. The hand washing pro cedure originally outlined by Ayliffe et al (1978) has been adapted by many organisations to provide various routines. slip aways were wet by a running tap and antiseptic detergents or liquid goo (5ml was poured onto the hands, the technique consisted of five backwards and forwards strokes in the motion of palm to palm, each palm over the other hands back, interlocking palm to palm, each palm over the other hands back interlocked and then the rotational scrubbing of the fingers into each palm finalised by the rubbing of the wrists during a 30-second time span. Then the hands were rinsed with water for 15-seconds and dried with two paper towels for 15-seconds.(Ayliffe et all, 1978)Whilst this technique has strict timescales the WHO elects the timescale of roughly the time taken to sing Happy Birthday twice. This raises concerns over the approximates as this will differ from person to person. The procedure itself remains nearly exact except from the addition of turning the tap off wi th a towel to avoid recontamination and the exact timings are lost. This technique only stated to use running water, thus far no temperature was specified.Hand Washing for Life (200-) advises that water should not be above 110?F as this temperature would cause hands become damaged by loosing delicate tissues on the skin. This can cause bacteria to become trapped and more difficult to adopt, as well as cause pain to the worker. It is a legal requirement for health professions to take the necessary measures to ensure that they protect themselves, which includes their hands and others around them by taking care of their hands.(Health and Safety at Work Act 1974) Dougherty and Lister (2010) give a nationwide guide to effective hand washing, stating the minimum time to rub la in that locationd hand together is 10-15 seconds. The guide recommended that trouble should be given to areas which are missed most frequently like between fingers, tips of fingers and thumbs. Single use towels to dry hands were utilise in all techniques. Damani (2011) suggests that paper towels should be utilise and also used to turn off taps if hands-free control is not available.An experiment carried out by Redway and Fawdar of the University of Westminster backed up Damani (2011) suggestion as drying hands with a paper towel decreased the amount of bacteria compared to jet-air dryers and warm-air dryers which caused an increase. assumption that the WHO technique has been used throughout the NHS by National Patient Safety Agency for hand cleaning techniques this would be a reliable technique to follow whilst also taking into consideration the detail given by Dougherty and Lister.How has this learning made a difference to you Being aware of how many infectious expedient pathogens can be exposed to patients, which may lay dormant on healthcare workers hands, gives healthcare workers a better understanding of how to assess the risks of when passing infection can occur by referring to t he chain of infection. The chain of infection makes nurses more aware of patients as susceptible hosts.It is everyones responsibility to take appropriate considerations to the prevention and control of infection this would include all healthcare professionals, the patients themselves and the visitors. (Randle, Coffey and Bradbury. 2009) The Francis report states that visitors and staff should adhere to hygiene requirements as well as reminding anyone who is seen to not adhere to these requirements so that the high standard of hygiene is achieved and promoted.(2013)The k instantaneouslyledge when to wash by the WHOs five moments enables nurses to make knowing when to wash their hands second nature. It also makes the nurse more aware of how serious it is to have clean hands as clean hands drive home lives as said by the National Patient Safety Alert from 2008 which states that the individual risks to patients are dramatically reduced if healthcare workers washed or disinfected their patients every time they needed to perform patient contact.The six Cs devised by Cummins and Bennett in 2012 state that one of a nurses tiptop responsibilities is to care, this means giving the care of controlling infection as it is extremely fundamental to keep realize of potentially avoidable HCAIs which can have a significant impact to the patients physical and psychological state. This could worsen their condition, increase length of stay, increase pain and suffering and increase worry and stress. This all causes a massive impact on the economy as HCAIs cost the NHS over the estimated ?1 billion.(NAO, 2009)The knowledge of appropriate hand hygiene also shows competence, another of the six Cs, as nurses can use what they have learnt confidently to ensure they have controlled spreading infection. Hand hygiene is also a commitment, as a nurse may wash their hands but a commitment must be made to wash them to the standard that is appropriate. Communication is also vital in infec tion control as infection control is everyones responsibility.(Randle, Coffey and Bradbury, 2009) In all aspects of infection control communication must be at the heart of the process so that the right precautions are taken. Staff and researchers must communicate with each other in order to maintain the same level of knowledge on hand hygiene so that the most up to date method is used. It is important for staff to communicate with patients to teach and alter their own hygiene to ensure the safety of themselves and others around them.It is also key for staff to communicate to patient relatives inorder for them to carry out routine hygiene which imperative for hospital or other healthcare settings infection control. Information given would be useful for the public to know to reduce public sickness therefore reducing burden on local NHS services. The actual technique should be address to all everyone as if it is not done adequately harmful microbes would still be on the hands and the refore infection can still occur. How will this learning influence you clinical practiceApplying the knowledge of hand hygiene learnt to clinical practice would mean to risk assess the situation at hand in environment by asking the assessment questions as described by Randle, Coffey and Bradbury (2009), then use the five moments given by WHO (2006) to demonstrate competence in when to wash or disinfect hands. Nurses will be influenced by which situation they are placed in, for example when moving from one patient to another hands must be washed by water and liquid soap method (WHO, 2006).The six Cs would also influence a nurse in hand hygiene as a nurse would think about caring for the patient, giving a commitment to safe care as well as being competent in this task. Electing the most effective hand washing technique must be done to successfully remove pathogens so that not to transmitted from one patient to another or one area to another. The techniques discussed vaguely circle aro und the same routine with differences in times, in clinical practice these would all influence the nurse whilst performing hand hygiene but the standard practice would be used as it is the technique enforced by the NPSA adapted from the WHO.The most recently updated hand hygiene method by the NPSA includes the use of alcohol gels, these should not be used as a constant alternative as they would lead to build up and therefore not effective for removing harmful microbes and are not suitable in some cases as they would not remove dirt or organic materials, cause a risk of ignition when handling medical muck up cylinders and would not be effective against Clostridium difficile and Norovirus. (Brekle and Macqueen 2012) Therefore this would influence workers in clinical practice as alcohol gels should only be used out of these circumstances.Describe how you will continue to develop this learning after this module The research into all hand hygiene methods should be regularly looked over as there will always be improvements to how the NHS handles infection control. One example of this would be the use of non-touch taps, a halcyon option by many healthcare providers, but although creating minimal contact with a potentially easily dirty area to control the outbreak of MRSA it has also led to the potential link between invisible taps and the outbreak of pseudomonas bacteria due to increased surface area in the plumbing of these taps.(Department of Health, 2012) This example demonstrates that there will always be constant reviews into infection control so it is important to keep up to date on the latest information on practice available and to adopt with the NMC code of conduct. A nurse must take part in additional learning or training to develop competence in hand hygiene practice and to constantly review themselves on their development in order to assess what they could do to improve.Randle, Coffey and Bradbury (2009) suggest that on going training will always be required in this area of practice. How does this personal and professional development relate to the NMC codification Developing and understanding the appropriate hand hygiene procedures for personal and profession practice is important to embrace so that the nurse can continue to care of the patient their first concern. Caring for a patient means to not worsen their health by transmitting infection which could be preventable as by washing hands.It is immensely important for nurses to act within their competencies which includes being able to competently hand wash appropriately to control infection as it is vital in performing any act of physical care to patient. (Dougherty and Lister 2011). Another section of the NMC code specifies that a nurse should administer care ground on the best available evidence or best practice. All nurses must strive and aspire to remain on top of the developing and constantly modifying information and research on infection control.This also relates s ignificantly to the NMC code which represents that all nurses must maintain and improve their knowledge and skills based on the most up to date information throughout their working lives. Providing high prime(a) infection control at all times applies to the NMC code because it means that the nurse is complying with providing the high standard of practice and care at all times. How does your topic relate to the NHS Constitution The NHS constitution states the rights and commitments to patients, the public and the staff.(Department of Health, 2013)The topic of hand washing relates to this document because the NHS constitution is the integral laws to which the NHS strives to stand by and infection control is high on constantly on the agenda for the NHS to improve upon. The constitution expresses that the NHS aims to provide the highest standards of excellence and professionalism and providing a high calibre of care which is safe, effective and focused on the patient. The terms safe a nd effective relate to hand hygiene as nurses must follow hand hygiene procedures so that the care given is is not hindered by the possibility of passing infection.The constitution also gives the values of the NHS, which includes the value to improve lives. The NHS commits to improve lives and not to decrease the health of the patient due to HCAIs and so it is paramount that infection control procedures are followed to lessen the risk of infections occurring whilst receiving healthcare. Patient rights are issued in the document, one particular is the right for the patient to be do by with a professional standard of care which has been administered by qualified professionals.Service users of the NHS have the right to expect the quality of healthcare to be monitored and improved continuously, which includes safety, so hand hygiene of workers should be continuously reviewed to make sure it is up to the standard that will ensure safety. The NHS Constitution commits to establish a safe and hygienic setting which is fit for purpose which directly involves the matter of hand hygiene because of importance of it in infection control which promotes a safe and clean environment. (Department of Health, 2013)ConclusionIt is clear that transmitting infectious diseases can reduced if staff, patients and visitors washed their hands before and after tasks, a routine hand hygiene technique cannot be stressed large as it is paramount for all staff to adhere to so that the spread of infection at bay. It is now valued that hand washing is not only important when hands are visible contaminated but is also vital that they are washed when it is not visible that they are contaminated due to the microscopic pathogens hidden on the skin.This knowledge is essential to be passed on to all those who flow through a healthcare setting so that education can be continued on infection control. With this given, it is key that communication skills are overly efficient at voicing and helping in infection control with caring for the patients at the heart the education. With continued education and observations in this area more race would be able to show acceptable hand washing and therefore reduce the risk of infection. Hand hygiene techniques influence all nurses because of the strong link to many of the six Cs and the grand importance to the health of all patients.