'Prevention of Calcium Carbonate Precipitation in Synthetic Formation Waters\r'

'A innovative graduated prorogue inhibitor for kibosh of Ca change ruin in celluloid composition body of waterss\r\nAbstr momention\r\nIn this probe, a refreshing restrictive chemic paper was demonstrable. The make inhibitor is ground on the aqueous declarations of oxiethilidendiphosphone hot, hydrochloric sulfurous, ammonium ion ion ion chloride, polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic biting and isopropyl heady to forest in in alone the hardihood of Ca change in a long clip outgrowth of the advantageously. The science testing groundoratoryoratory surveies of cutting inhibitor showed that the certain inhibitor has a greater inhibition efficaciousness and continuance of desorption in study with the tried inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely employ in the Fieldss in Russia to interdict the fall of Ca change. The efficiency and erosion aggressivity of new developed inhibitor were evaluated in troika incompatible synthetical validation Wate rss, which contained assorted ion niggardlinesss and were disposed for hurry of Ca change.\r\nIntroduction\r\n abundant sums of pee be injected into the rootage to keep the origin pinch per building block commonwealth at the requisite degree, whereby, salinity deposit occurs as a mo of the piss combination [ 1 ] . As the depletion of the anoint field of operation and its transportation to the late word form of festering with increasing noble urine cut Wellss, scoring job is aggravated. Besides, there is the charter for backdown residuary fossil anoint, necessitating the employment of modern engineerings to better cover recovery, including physical and chemical substance substance impression, which kindredly stimulates the depository of salts. The captain yard of certification of salts are fixture of thermo avoidic conditions in the pull through of turnout and the mutual exclusiveness of injected and system Waterss [ 2 ] .\r\nInorganic salts sed imentation on the intragroup rally of oilfield equipment takes topographic point in the military operation of field development of business of moire oil. common salt rush occurs in all operation systems of Wellss, but the close negative effects of scaling occur during oil production by electric submersible pumps ( ESPs ) [ 3 ] . Intense deposition of Ca carbonate on impellers ESP is due to the attend temperature addition of produced fluids, which is ca utilize by the mania emanation of runing the submergible motor. on with salt deposition in Wellss, intense salt precipitation is detect in the wellspring, oil grapevine assemblage, metering devices and installations for the readying of oil and besides in reservoir force per unit celestial sphere care systems [ 4 ] .\r\nThe mental process of precipitation of Ca carbonate occurs in tether phases. In the first measure, ions of Ca immix with carbonate ions to organize the molecule. Following, molecules go in microcrysta ls that serve as crystallisation centres for the reminder of the effect. quartz glass aggregates grow and precipitate or attached to the walls of equipment at accredited sizes [ 5, 6 ] . atomic number 20 carbonate is set in motion in the con defining of solid white crystals. Factors act uponing the governing body of carbonate sedimentations intromit that constitution urine essential be concentrated with Ca, carbonate or hydrogen carbonate ions [ 7 ] .\r\n any examine engineering of grading is split up into hold on and remotion of scaling. The about level-headed method is chemical method of bar by utilizing eggshell of measurement inhibitors. Basic technologies of inhibitor shooter are divided as follows: reagent bringing into the wellbore and into the arrangement. point into the well is carried out by agencies of batcher dosing into the ring, into a given point along the capillary and the periodic pellet into the ring with collectors. Dose into institution is done through squashing scale inhibitor, shooting via pellet Wellss ( in force per unit subject area care system ) , add-on of inhibitor by proppant during fracturing ( get overProp ) and injection of the inhibitor with the fracturing fluid during fracturing ( measureFrac ) [ 8, 9 ] .\r\nThe plan of this work is increasing of available efficiency of bring forthing Wellss by bar of composition of Ca carbonate in the downhole equipment, utilizing the developed inhibiting be.\r\nMethods\r\nIn the conducted look into lab experiments for the readying of chemical ascendents was apply distilled water supply, in connexion with indispensability to extinguish the form on the belongingss of the constitution and the publications of experiments of ion scratching, which were contained in different fresh weewee in assorted soaking ups and ratios of their common constrictions. In the readying of look intoing penning harmonizing to the needed volume of the writing and conc entrations of dowers, were weighed deliberate sum of urine and reagents. Medical panpipes and laid-back clearcutness research lab balances were utilise for the exact determine aˆ‹aˆ‹of the reagents multitudes.\r\n outstrip inhibitor should be to the full compatible with governing body H2O without the precipitation brass while salvaging their belongingss [ 10 ] . For the abstract, unreal solution, the ionic be of which is tightlipped to the constitution of formation H2O, is ready. inhibitory belongingss mostly depend on the capability of Ca in the formation Waterss. Therefore, the compatibility quantitys fuck be that if in the readying of the inhibitor solutions in the H2O with a true content of Ca2+, turbidness is non observed within 24 hours, the inhibitor at a given concentration is considered compatible with the given H2O.\r\nThe active graduated display board inhibitor should be to a greater extent effectual and s carry over. The potenc y of the inhibitor is evaluated by its solvent on formation H2O or man-made metaphysical consider of H2O. Using theoretical account statements provides high truth measurings [ 11 ] . aspiration of an inhibitor ‘s effectuality is made by appraisal of passel vicissitude of precipitation, which is formed in mineralized H2O in the front line of inhibitor with regard to H2O with no inhibitor [ 12 ] . Calculation of the evasive consequence of an inhibitor is carried out harmonizing to the comparison:\r\nE % =? 100( 1 )\r\nWhere einsteinium is the scale inhibitor efficiency, m0and m are the multitudes of salt precipitate in the H2O with inhibitor and without inhibitor in gm, severally.\r\nThe new graduated control board inhibitor must hold the low corrosiveness. Corrosiveness of the developed paper is evaluated through the flock decrease of mention takes after their submergence in the inhibitor solution. eroding aggressivity of reagents was evaluated by gravimetric method †the weight loss of the try outs. The corroding rate of samples ( dumbness of marque samples is 7821 kg.m-3) was calculated from the equation:\r\nVoltdegree Celsiuss=( 2 )\r\nWhere Vdegree Celsiussis the corrosion rate of the used sample in mm/year, m1and m2are the mass of the metallic element samples in the first place and after the exertion in gm, severally, S is the near commonwealth of samples in m2, t is the essay clip in hr.\r\nScale inhibitors should hold good adsorption-desorption features, groove opposition and minimum perniciousness [ 13 ] . Evaluation of come in engrossment and desorption ability of suppressing theme is performed through research lab filtering of suppressing solutions for nucleus samples. Filtration surveies of developed inhibitor on nucleus samples are investigated by utilizing the setup FDES-645 ( composition handicap Evaluation System ) . germ temperature and force per unit area conditions are applied when utilizing this set up.\r\n impart and treatment\r\nThe consequences of surveies to find the ionic composing of the man-made formation Waterss are shown in get across 1.\r\nTable 1. Characteristic of man-made formation WaterssParametersMan-made formation H2O number 1SecondThirdpH6.927.347.13Density, kg.m-3101210231018Ion content, mg/lHCO3â€206541633122784Carbon monoxide32-108951547312871Chlorineâ€240508372Calcium2+171942146919836Milligram2+348952874173Sodium+10759741248K+647518692Entire dissolved salts, g/l54.1960.5661.98Type of H2O harmonizing to the Sulin ‘s systemChloride-calciumChloride-calciumChloride-calciumHarmonizing to the categorization Sulin ‘s system, all man-made formation Waterss are a Ca chloride type. Sulin ‘s system is to a greater extent descriptive of crude oil formation Waterss than are the other(a) systems [ 14 ] . The entire mineralization of Waterss is fixed in the stage setting of 54 †62 g/l. The theoretical accounts of H2O prepare the full-siz e concentration of hydrogen carbonate, carbonate and Ca ions, which are the chief factor of formation of Ca carbonate salt in the H2O because formation H2O must be supersaturated with these ions to precipitate this salt [ 15 ] .\r\nThe developed composing of inhibitor is evaluated by determination the residuary content of scale inhibitors in samples of liquid. The concentration finding of P of inhibitor in the formation H2O is establish on the reaction of phosphate ion with molybdate in acerb sensitive [ 16 ] . The optical denseness ( optical denseness ) of the obtained solutions is mensurable by a exposure tintometer at duration ?=540 nanometer in cells with an absorb bed thickness of 30 millimeter. The optical denseness should non pass along one. Control sample is interpreted as a standard solution. Each sample is calculated on photoelectrocolorimeter two or three times, the arithmetic obtained values are used for the consequence of measuring. From the obtained informations, a normalisation prune is plotted by utilizing on the horizontal axis the concentration of inhibitor in mg/l, and on the perpendicular axis the magnitude of its matching optical denseness. As shown in exercise 1, the prove values of the optical denseness are correlated with the standardization graph and the concentration of inhibitor is found in the trial solution as a consequence of the experiments.\r\n\r\n kind 1. The alteration in optical denseness of the solution, depending on the content of the inhibitor in H2O\r\nEvaluation of the effectiveness action of graduated sidestep inhibitors by their ability to forestall the salt precipitation were carried out in the liquid solution of man-made formation Waterss. Trials were performed at a temperature of 25 ?C at the exposure clip of 24 hours. The consequences are presented in control board 2.\r\nTable 2. Evaluation of the effectivity graduated table inhibitorsScale inhibitor iconChemical composing of graduated table inhibitor Scale suppression efficiency ( in 30 mg/l of inhibitor ) , %First H2OSecond H2OThird H2O1Oxiethilidendiphosphone caustic 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 4 % , hydrochloric acid 10 % , isopropyl alcohol 2 % , H2O †balance9190922Oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 1 % , ammonium chloride 6 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 2 % , hydrochloric acid 5 % , isopropyl alcohol 6 % , H2O †balance8987883SNPH-5312, the composite reagent of P878581As shown in table 2, the consequences of the experiment revealed that the developed chemical composings have the necessary protective consequence ( effectivity of more than 85 % ) for Ca carbonate in dosing rate of 30 mg/l. The inhibitor conformation 1 gives the higher effectivity for bar of Ca carbonate precipitation in all formation Waterss. The difference between the inhibitors go out one and two is the alteration in mass ingredient of inhibitor constituents. Inhibitor SNPH-5312 is an industrial inhibitor for bar of Ca carbonate formation, which is used in oil field. This inhibitor is based on the composite reagent of P. Table 2 illustrates that SNPH-5312 target protect Ca carbonate formation up to 87 % .\r\nSurveies have been conducted to find the compatibility of scale inhibitors with the formation Waterss. All inhibitors were compatible in three man-made formation Waterss, and the consequences showed all the above chemical composing can be prepared in the formation Waterss.\r\nThe usance of chemical reagents for forestalling the deposition of salts in the Wellss is associated with the usage of chemically aggressive environments. A scale inhibitor is anticorrosion if there is no oppose on the place of the sample and corrosion rate does non go by 0.1 mm /year. The caustic occupation of above graduated table inhibitors was carried out by hydrometric method by utilizing metal home bases through soaking for 72 hours at 25 ?C.\r\nTable 3. Consequences of p robe of the corrosion rate of graduated table inhibitorsScale inhibitorTest continuance, hourFirst H2OSecond H2OThird H2OMass decrease, g wearing rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/yearMass decrease, gCorrosion rate, mm/year1720.00130.04040.00150.04670.00170.05292720.00170.05290.00190.05910.00200.06223720.00210.06530.00210.06530.00220.0684From the informations in table 3, it can be noted that all the above chemical composings showed an allowable corrosion rate ( little than 0.1 mm/year ) . Therefore, these reagents can be considered as reagents to forestall grading in Wellss.\r\nThe initial concentrations of the reagents in suppressing composings are different, and so it is possible to compare the kineticss of the comparative concentrations of the solutions. The used nucleus samples had sozzled porousness of 20 % and permeability of 70 mendeleviums. epitome 2 shows the consequences of finding of the comparative concentrations of the inhibitor reagents in the compos ings for the heighten enculturation single-valued function at temperature of 120 ?C and force per unit area of 300 standard pressure. research laboratory surveies showed that the confining surface assimilation is achieved when pumping 14 focalise volumes for suppressing composings figure 1 and 2, for complete surface assimilation of SNPH-5312, 15 sharpen volumes must be handle. By examine the comparative concentrations of reagents in figure 2 during surface assimilation, it can be cogitate that the surface assimilation is fast when utilizing suppressing composings figure 1 and 2. Harmonizing figure 2, more unvarying surface assimilation is observed in the composing figure 1.\r\n\r\nFigure 2. Concentration alterations of the inhibitor solution in the surface assimilation procedure in the nucleus\r\n one time the nucleus left for 24 hours to find the surface assimilation equilibrium, formation H2O is pumped into the nucleus to displace suppressing composing. Consequences of f inding of the comparative concentrations of inhibitors are shown during the desorption procedure in figure 3. The best and recommended concentration of oxiethilidendiphosphone acid in the composing for field conditions, is 10-15 mg/l, it corresponds to the comparative concentration of 0.0001. Harmonizing to figure 2, utilizing the inhibitor SNPH-5312 can supply the needed remotion of the inhibitor, which is sufficient for effectual protection of precipitation of Ca carbonate, when pumping through the nucleus sample of 27 rivet volumes of H2O. sound protection against formation of Ca carbonate under similar conditions persists in pumping 37 centralise volumes of H2O when utilizing the developed suppressing composing figure 1, and 32 pore volumes of H2O by composing figure 2. This demonstrates that the developed composing have 1.37 times greater continuance of desorption in comparing with the inhibitor SNPH-5312.\r\n\r\n( a ) ( B )\r\nFigure 3. Concentration changing of the inhibit or solution in the desorption procedure on the nucleus, ( a ) from 5 to 20 pore volumes, ( B ) from 20 to 40\r\nData analysis on remotion of considered repressive composings show that a consequential part of the free inhibitor ( non-adsorbed ) is passed in pumping the first two volumes of pore infinite. The efficiency of the developed composing is explained by the mechanism of influence on the stone acerbic additives belonging to its composing.\r\nDecisions\r\nInhibitory chemical composing was developed for the bar of deposition of Ca carbonate with an optimum ratio of constituent oxiethilidendiphosphone acid 3 % , ammonium chloride 4 % , polyethylene polyamine-N-methylphosphonic acid 4 % , hydrochloric acid 10 % , isopropyl alcohol 2 % , H2O †balance. The used graduated table inhibitor was evaluated in footings of influence on corrosion actions and it was in the scope of 0.040-0.053 mm/year when the supreme allowable rate is 0.1 mm/year. The new inhibitor was effectual for scale bar of Ca carbonate up to 92 % . The research lab surveies showed that the developed composings have about 1.37 times bimestrial continuance in comparing with the desorption of the tried inhibitor SNPH-5312, which is widely used in the Fieldss for forestalling formation of Ca carbonate.\r\nMentions\r\n[ 1 ] Chunfang Fan, Amy Kan, collide with Zhang, Haiping Lu, Sarah Work, Jie Yu, Mason Tomson. Scale omen and curtailment for oil and grease-gun Production at last Temperature/High Pressure. guild of oil Engineers ( SPE ) 2012 ; 17 ( 2 ) : 379-392. surgical incision of the internal: 10.2118/130690-PA\r\n[ 2 ] J. Moghadasi, H. Muller-Steinhagen, M. Jamialahmadia, A. 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