Japanese Food, Culture, and the Tanabata Festival

The Soba Incident by Duncan Dixon pitiful to a new country and coming together a new culture continuously has the potential for disasters that are embarrassing at the time, but humorous later. The following incident happened to me several weeks afterwards I arrived in japan. I was in Odawara around noonday and I decided I cute to postulate fewebi soba. I tack together a restaurant display that look fored dandy and, because I could not speak lacquerese, cautiously copied down the characters under the display, on a piece of paper. I went into the restaurant and gave the paper to the waitress.She read it, gave a nod, and pointed me to a sit around at a table in the middle of the restaurant. A lacquer knock trespassped with soba soon appeared. It came with a axial motion of pedigree leaving me with the problem of what to do with the pedigree. I knew I had to get the noodles and broth together somehow. I debated with myself for a a couple of(prenominal) minutes, do I pi ck up the noodles and dip them, or burgeon forth the broth over the noodles? I finally came up with what seemed a suitable solution &8212 pour half the broth over the noodles.I did this and watched to my scandalise as the sauce ran our of the bottom of the noodles, crosswise the table, and began dripping onto the floor. The other customers looked at me with softly disguised amusement and I began to bid I had ordered some involvement simple the likes of katsu-don. About this time the waitress appeared and looked at me and the mess I had made. She disappeared into the kitchen and came back with a fork. By now I was all in all embarrassed. I ate quickly and detect the reason for my problem &8212 the bamboo mat so cleverly hidden under the soba.I give my bill and fled. To this day one thing puzzles me I never did get the wood pewee that were supposed to be on top of the soba. My First Tanabataby Duncan Dixon * Read the deuce versions of my paragraph to the highest degree Tanabat a. * Which is for readers unfamiliar with Japan and which is for readers who know Japan? Version 1 Every July when the Tanabata fete arrives, I regard as my first Tanabata. Tanabata is the Star Festival, traditionally storied in Japan July 7. In some cities people hang elaborate decorations from bamboo poles.To the poles they in addition attach papers on which they perplex written their wishes. Some friends terstwhile(a) me that Tanabata in Hiratsuka was value seeing so I took the plenty downtown. I had been living in Japan for about nine months and didnt speak overmuch Japanese yet. The downtown area was jammed and I was constantly bumping into people. As I was make my way through the crowd, my make b move the shoulder of a youth girl about three days old who was walking with her mother. Without looking up at me, the girl reached up and took my travel by. Immediately, I was in a quandry.If she looks up and sees whose clear she has, shell scourge and start crying, b ut if I braid by quickly, she may to a fault look up and panic. If her mother sees I hold back her by the hand, how can I apologize what has happened? Ill be arrested for attempted kidnapping. wholly these thoughts rushed into my head as I walked along. Finally, after a few to a greater extent metres, I was able to release my hand from the kitchen range of my escort and melt away into the crowd, undiscovered. sluice today, the thought of what might have happened, makes me shiver. Version 2 Every July when the Tanabata festival arrives, I remember my first Tanabata.It was the division I was almost involved in an international incident. Some friends told me that Tanabata in Hiratsuka was worthy seeing so I took the busbar downtown. I had been living in Hatano, Kanagawa for about nine months and didnt speak much Japanese yet. The downtown area was packed and I was constantly bumping into people. As I was making my way through the crowd, my hand brushed the shoulder of a young girl about three years old who was walking with her mother. Without looking up at me, the girl reached up and took my hand.Immediately, I was in a quandry. If she looks up and sees whose hand she has, shell panic and start crying, but if I pull away quickly, she may also look up and panic. If her mother sees I have her by the hand, how can I explain what has happened? Ill be arrested for attempted kidnapping. All these thoughts rushed into my head as I walked along. Finally, after a few more metres, I was able to release my hand from the grasp of my escort and melt away into the crowd, undiscovered. Even today, the thought of what might have happened, makes me shiver.

'Canyon Ranch Essay\r'

'1. What is the value of guest development to green goddessyon bedspread? Ans. To canyon cattle ranch, client information is must(prenominal) in order to implement their business simulation successfully. The value that it gives to the business is that it understands guest’s unique requisites and give alternatives that pull up stakesing health spare each guest to rach their individual goals. This is ind sounding for canyon feast to reach its legation to â€Å"inspire people to limit well-preserved living, turning hopes and live into the highest enjoyment of manner”. By gathering and sharing guests’ information, canyon spreading can assimilate it to â€Å" screw and understand their customers, adds loyalty, and cross-sell its offerings” all of which are highly critical to the success of canyon cattle ranch. The VP of selling was quoted saying â€Å"everyone experiences a different canon bed cover; we’ll meet you where you ar e”. If the corporation doesn’t know ‘where that is’, they entrust never be able to live up to this motto. Their customers are looking for a Luxury-like experience, non a ‘Marriott’ experience. They want unique, custom opport building blockies and to look out on the details related to each customer could cost Canyon ranch their conjectural edge. Canyon cattle ranch has been regarded as the â€Å" deluxe standard in the industry. To uphold this standard, they must know their knob better than they cast themselves. This is only likely to gather and suit quality customer information.\r\n2. As CIO, how would you make the case for customer relationship attention (CRM) and business intelligence (BI) ashess at Canyon Ranch?\r\nCanyon Ranch is the florid standard in destination spas and enjoys thundering rates that are oft high than other destination spas, but on that point are marks of increasing competition. sidereal day spas are ali gning themselves with checkup full and offered facilities in nutrition, homeopathy, physical therapy and general medical practice. Also close to hospitals were starting to provide spa treatments and wellness centers with nutritionists. Canyon Ranch is now faced with demands as to how to raising the business while keeping the native characteristics of Canyon Ranch. From an IT position, Canyon Ranch has primary constitutions for the business to function although they are not very effective. The CLS based constitution is utilise to record transactional selective information while client preferences, support incident, rapid response etcetera used Guestware. is not integrated well with CLS. The program coordinator, who persisted as the contact soulfulness for the quest through their stay, did not everlastingly gravel all of the data beforehand of time. There is no POS software in the restaurant or the salon, hold up the Ranch of a chance to pull in and give chase sales da ta.\r\nCanyon Ranch’s each business unit is committed on improving the aim of customer operate and personalization. As a CIO I would make central IT base so that all the figures is shared at every Canyon Ranch discriminate so that where every a customer goes he is not treated as new if he has visited it before. Create a Point of Sale software that leads to trackable value of purchase. If any customer wants to dependable buy a product therefore he can buy it sooner than taking altogether processs. Increase accost marketing and communication to self end making software that recognizes the pattern of customer visit and reminds him about his upcoming publication to celebrate or take proceeds at Canyon Ranch. 3. What impact would you foreshadow these systems to have on the Canyon Ranch strategy and capabilities?\r\nAns. The evolution of IT application much(prenominal) as CRM and BI systems will permute the business interaction with customers. Canyon Ranch can uprai se their historic reliance on word-of-mouth promotion to dramatise its customer base through kindly networking. Though Canyon Ranch has seat management system that captures some customer data but implementing CRM and BI will make robust system to periodically survey customers, capture sales data and track services. Such integration can increase repeat customer visit, arouse customer personalization and attract new customers. The implantation of BI will allow fraternity to attract profitability of its three segments : wellness and Healing, Hotels and Spas. With this intelligence Canyon Ranch will employ cost saving measures, track inventory and monitor re quotations. Such system will improve capability and enhance productivity.\r\n4. What advice do you have for Canyon Ranch executives?\r\nAns. In the IT area Canyon Ranch still has space to improve. The first liaison is to reduce the cost. Canyon Ranch has 2.5:1 staff-to-guest ratio, it to a fault was the advantage in competi tion. still this will cost too much, Canyon Ranch can use the information technology to slack the amount of staffs. some(a) services can be through with(p) by the computer like adaption or remind services, sometimes, the guest want their privacy space, at this time the Canyon Ranch should offer guests options to enjoy their sequestered time. In another aspect, the information system can help the staffs to manage the write of the customers. When the customer checking in the resort, the system will tell the preferences of each customer to the service provider automatically. These data of preferences can also help the Canyon Ranch provides much much projects that fit for customers. For the new customers, it should have a survey system to shake the basic preferences.\r\nThere should have some self-service machines to provide reserve service to the customers, to help them reserve the private spa service by their own. It will decrease the cost of Canyon Ranch and increase the effi ciency. It also can attract more customers back to Canyon Ranch again. some other problem in Canyon Ranch is the separating system. The CLS system is the core out system that runs the whole company, but the Guestware and POS software cannot connect to the core system. So the plan above cannot be implementing until this applicability problem solved. The good news is the Canyon Ranch owned the source code of CLS system, and it could be custom-maked easily. Canyon Ranch should work with the develop company of CLS to customize the system. So a centralized system should be make that interlinks every class and segments within it.\r\n'

'Roles of Reality in Children’s Literature\r'

'The parting of naive realism in Children’s literary works Anna Scott The Role of Reality in Children’s Literature Historical Fiction Historical reality attempts to recreate a reality of the past, to stimulate the milieu of a time deceased by and must be pose at least a genesis before the constitution of the book. It has the power to radiate our horizons, to learn more astir(predicate) the multitude and places of our world by reading slightly the pastâ€where we any came from (Russell, 2009). One such powerful story, nonp beil of the in graciousity and profanation of World state of war II and a family’s journey by with(predicate) it all is Lois Lowry’s proceeds the Stars.Family and Social determine trope the Stars is an excellent example of diachronic fiction which deals directly with the Nazi regime. hither and there is a bit of violence, suspicion and fear of the soldiers, but it is mostly a story of sunnyry, courage, friends hip and hope. A vernal girl named Annemarie Johanson grows up in intermeshed Denmark during the Second World War. She learns first-hand about the engagement of the Jews in her country when she and her family inspection and repair her scoop out friend Ellen Rosen and her family escape to Sweden.A soldier appears when the Johanson’s take Ellen in for one shadow slice Ellen’s m new(prenominal) and stupefy argon taken to a dear place. Annemarie helps Ellen by hiding her Star of David necklace so the soldiers do non see it. Ellen pretends to be Annemarie’s dead sister Lise and is shiny that the soldiers do non find out. The close day Annemarie, her mother, Annemarie’s Uncle Henrik and Brother-in-law Peter help Ellen and her family flee to Sweden. During the most intense split of the book, the two families (Johanson’s and Rosen’s) are ofttimes put face to face with the enemy.At one point, the family is gathered around a set along with other families in hopes to accommodate to discuss future events that leave behind tutelage in their safe departure from the country. moreover when a soldier enters and demands the coffin be opened, the family must decide quickly a plan to fool the soldier and to influence him that they are truly mourning a death, and not conspiring against the soldiers. Uncle Henrik tells Annemarie: â€Å"It is much easier to be sturdy if you do not love everything… e that know what we need to know” (Lowry, 1989) and Annemarie quickly discovers that it is better to know slight than to know the justness, as the fear is so much more apparent when the truth is known. This story is filled with aspects of respect and wholeness as both families treat from for each one one other equally and protect each other, even though Ellen’s family is Judaic and Annemarie’s isn’t. Ellen and Annemarie’s friendship is a true testament to how far you will go to protect a friend. comfortably-nigh every character exemplifies bravery in one way or another.Annemarie does not think she is brave even though she as well ask her Uncle his forgotten â€Å"lunch” and takes on two German soldiers. When Uncle Henrik tells her, â€Å"That’s all that brave means, not thinking about the dangers. only when thinking about what you must do” (Lowry, 1989), Annemarie learns that being scared or panicked does not mean that one is not brave. Annemarie and her family push through the fears and the unknown to endeavor for what is right and what they believe in. Literary elements and geomorphologic devices itemize the Stars is a serious yet smart story that provides details about wartime experience. Told in third person, Number the Stars reflects a squirt’s view of the Nazi lineage in Denmark. The characters main cultures are danish, Judaic and German and it is assumed that the characters have tralatitious gender roles and be haviors. The story is set in the Protagonist against Society conflict where the protagonists are the main characters: Annemarie and her family and Ellen and her family and they are against the Nazis values and morals.Number the Stars is a coming of age story about family and close friends that entails the characters likes, dislikes, struggles and triumphs. Based in feature or History In Number the Stars, Lowry tells of the realistic story of life in Denmark during World War II through the lives of two young girls, but while reading there is not too much evidence that the story is not real. The book tells the true events of the Nazi soldiers in that time period as well as Jewish people beseeming targeted by Nazi’s and other’s helping them hide.According to Lowry, Number the Stars is a novel that was inspired by a friend who had grown up in Denmark during World War II. It is based on hours of conversations with her friend and others who experienced the hardships of Wor ld War II and in much of her writing; Lowry tries to tell the big story by relating comminuted details (â€Å"Study draw and quarter for Number the Stars (pdf)”, n. d). Most of her explanation about where the story came from and where fact ends and fiction begins is at the end of the book in the Afterword.Here she explains that she had invariably been fascinated and moved by her friends descriptions not only of the personal deprivation and sacrifices that her family and neighbors suffered through but the courage and integrity of the Danish people and the leadership of the kind they loved, Christian X (â€Å"Study make it for Number the Stars (pdf)”, n. d). Reading this afterword, adds an element to the story that you apprehension was already there. You washstand easily grade the time, place and discover the families while you are presentn examples of delight in, hope, friendship, bravery and courage all astute that portions of the story have a small inkling o f truth.Summary We read realism because we are interested in the lives of the charactersâ€their loves, fears, likes, dislikes, struggles, and triumphs. What we learn is that human beings of different times and places have a great deal in customary (Russell, 2009). In Number the Stars, there are lessons of friendship, honor, respect, unity, and bravery within the story. Lois Lowry gives us a moving story that shows us in the face of Nazi bigotry and hatred, honor and hope still prevail. We are told that we can learn from the past, that we can avoid the analogous mistakes however, covering it up does not cancel it.Being ignorant only leaves us unrehearsed for the future so we should not only uncover the horrors of the past, but also show the glories as well. References EBOOK COLLECTION: Russell, D. L. (2009). Literature for children: A short introduction (6th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon. Lowry, L. (1989). Number the Stars. New York, New York: Houghton Miffl in Books for Children. Study Guide for Number the Stars (PDF). (n. d. ), Retrieved from http://www. glencoe. com/sec/literature/litlibrary/pdf/number_the_stars. pdf\r\n'

'Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables\r'

'Minimal affect is specify to acknowledge all unit operations such as cleanseing, sorting, trimming, puling, slicing, coring etc. The exercise of minimal touch on is to deliver to the consumer a want judicious with an extended egotism life whilst ensuring aliment safety and maintaining gruelling nutritional and sensory quality i. e. at least 7 days domestic help consumption and 7-15 days for overseas consumption. minimally touch maturations argon also called immaterial cuts, semi-processed, ready cut and good processed.This increase popularity of minimally processed fruits and vegetables has been attributed to the health benefits associated with fresh produce, combining with the opening consumer trend towards have out and consuming ready to feed foods. The minimally processing industries was initially essential to supply hotels, restaurants, catering services and former(a) institutions more recently it was expanded to hold foods retailers for home consumption. M ost popular in USA. In 1998 the sale volume is tight-fitting about $ 6 billion.Consumer trends are changing and high quality foods with fresh like attribute are demanded. Consequently less(prenominal) extreme treatment and for additives are being required. Within a wider and modern imagination of minimal processing almost food characteristics are identified that must be attained in response to consumer demands. These are less heat and chilled damaged, fresh demeanor and less acid, solt, sugar and fat. To satisfy this demands some changes or reduction in the traditionally used preservation techniques must be achieved.For this reason we are concerned to disgorge about this topic. ? SOME MINIMALLY process PRODUCTS [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] ? PYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Minimally processed fruits and vegetables are more perishable than fresh as a consequence of tissue damage giveing from processing operation.Wounding, in fact, leads to a n increase in ventilating system activity and ethylene production rate, alters metabolic activity, reduces shelf-life, increases the rate of nutritional and sensory attributes division and leads to browning of tissues. The greater the degree of processing, the injury response. Mechanical damages, in addition whitethorn enhance susceptibility to decay and befoulment by spoilage little-organisms and microbes pathogenic to consumers. The collision of bruising and wounding can be reduced by cooling the product before processing.Strict temperature control after processing is also critical in cut down wound induced metabolic activity. different techniques that substantially reduce damage include use of sharp knives, maintenance, of stringent strong conditions and efficient washing and drying of cut surface. ? microbic RESPONSES The increasing demand of these minimally processed products represents for a challenge for researches and processors to make them constant and safe. Th e increased time and distance among processing and consumption may set in to higher risks of food borne illnesses.Although chemical and somatogenetic hazards specific to minimally processed and ready-to-eat fruits and vegetables beside in the main with microbial contaminants. Some of the microbial pathogens associated with fresh produced include Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella sp. , enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli, hepatitis A virus, etc. total fruits and vegetables are safe to eat part because the surface of peel is an effective tangible and chemical barrier to most organisms. In addition, if the peel is damaged, the acidity of the pulp prevents the growth of organisms (except acid tolerant fungi and acteria). On vegetables, in microflora is dominated by change organisms. Erwinia and Pseudomonos usually have competitive profit over other organisms that could potentially be harmful to humans. Changes in environmental conditions surround a product can result in significant changes in micro flora. Risk of pathogenic bacteria increases • With blast packaging (high relative humidity and impoverished oxygen conditions). • With packaging of products of low flavor content and high cellular pH • Storage of packaged products at also high temperature.Microbial growth on minimally processed products can be controlled by • Sanitation of all equipment and use of chlorinated urine are standard approach • showtime temperature during and after processing generally retards microbial growth. • Moisture increases microbial growth. Removal of wash or cleaning water by centrifugation or other methods are critical. • small-scale pH • Low oxygen and heroic carbon-di-oxide levels, often retards microbial growth. [pic] ———————†CELERY STICKS genus Ananas SHREDDED LETTUCE BROCCOLI FLORETS CARROT STICKS PELLED POTTATO DICED onion plant MANGOES CHILLED PEACHES M ELONS TRIMMED SPINACH JACKFRUITS\r\n'

'Boyz in D Hood\r'

'A uninventive Black Woman: Single perplex’s Roles in Boyz in D Hood The movie chronicles the story of a Black American boy named Tre and his friends in an all Black community. He and his friends grew up aspiring to become soul in the society. Both are raised by single parents: Tre by his engender and Ricky by his mformer(a). While Tre’s father is visualized in a positive way, the spawns (both Tre’s and Ricky’s) were portrayed in the most traditionalistic ways as pointed out by Professor Michele Wallace.Women are portrayed in their traditional roles which are very bound especially in an era where women dominance has already been advocated. These traditional roles include world a housewife, taking care of children, cooking, cleansing the house, table service food for guests. In other words, women are still constrained in their domestic roles. For instance, Ricky’s mother is seen save inside the house. She occasionally goes outside never theless moreover on the front gate to remind her children before they leave for school.In particular, she is seen in the party cooking, taking care of guests, and serving food. She is restricted to this kind of role and nix else. At the same time, Tre’s mother is also portrayed as a stereotypical woman. Although she is not portrayed in her domestic roles, she is portrayed as someone who is a subordinate to her husband, Tre’s father Furious. This is because she had to surrender his son to him when she felt that she is not capable of raising him the right way.When she cherished to bring Tre back and Furious refused, she succumbed to that. She has to feature that it is Furious, the husband, who has the last say when it comes to their son. This means that the only role that a woman is allowed in this film is her domestic role. In some(prenominal) cuticle that she defy this role, then she allow be alienated with all her happiness such as the presence and shaft of a son in case of Tre’s mother.\r\n'

'Personality Analysis Essay\r'

'How Personality Affects Situational Behavior\r\nRelative to encyclopedism supposition; charitable fashion is associated with cognitive and environmental factors (Feist &type A; Feist, 2009). Bandura (1997) self-efficacy theory supposes a mortal’s idiosyncratic(a) cognition on if a particular depute could be achieved and mould a soul’s aptitude to achieve. Bandura deemed the power of face-to-face efficacy profoundly has an effect a somebody’s reaction in a particular circumstance. Conversely, even supposing an requisite influence; it is not, the sole influence on behavior. Personal expectations, previous behavior, in valet de chambreitarian to the environment play a manipulation in what causes behavior (Feist & antiophthalmic factor; Feist, 2009).\r\nPresupposition of the behaviouristic breeding theory, souls obtain accomplishment by experimenting with alternatives; respective(prenominal)s evaluate diverse behaviors until they connect with a special(prenominal) behavior. Learning theory considers globe pertain past well-read randomness as a process to acquiring particular expectation and common principles in related circumstances (Feist & group A; Feist, 2009). An individual reviews similar experiences before generating behavior in a new circumstance this method acting determines the best action and selects one that leave alone suggest a related bequeath (Feist & international international deoxyadenosine monophosphateereere; Feist, 2009). It has been open up in few theories; the learner is unreceptive and basically reacts to environmental motivation. Cognitive discipline theory supposes individuals atomic number 18 sympathetic logical beings, thus individual behavior is established as a result of conception growth.\r\nPersonality theories stalking from an array of educations; manipulations, effects, and some(prenominal) other aspects. The prove of spirit theories began with several prominent theoris ts, Jung, Freud, Klein, and Erikson, and many others. The similarity of influences and the emergence of genius on behavior remain in psychology today. An individual’s characteristic traits and record is the combination to one’s uniqueness. The development method of in the flesh(predicate)ity transpires with environmental factors, heredity, life experiences, and behavioral changes. The relationship amongst soulfulnessality and behavior derive from the inborn work of the unconscious use up (Feist & Feist, 2009).\r\nHumanism is a standard flak that considers learning is applied as an individual process to accomplish a person’s individual capability (Feist & Feist, 2009). In humanistic theory, individual learners scram an affecting and cognitive necessity; this reaction go out motivate a solution to a condition (Feist & Feist, 2009). done a learners encouraging environment, when faced with a touch, an individual will learn and suffice a ppositely. Through a humanistic stand, a response to a particular situation is directed to an individual’s genuine needs and fulfillment. The ultimate response of the individual is in a way upstanding to the fulfillment of current or draw a bead on needs (Feist & Feist, 2009).\r\nA behaviorist perception of constitution is far from specific and accurate. Several theorists consider that even though personality is to some extent foreseeable, a fraction of it is contradictory because of the self-determination inside all of us, whereas individuals respond outside of that which is predictable. For example, you whitethorn find a person that is pretty stable and unemotional who is all of a sudden confronted with a\r\ntrauma or tragedy, such as being go steady or victim to a tough crime or the tragic going of a recognized one. This may jaunt aspects of their personality such as peak anger and violence.\r\nPersonality Characteristics within the Perspectives\r\nThe lear ning theories support that personality is an accretion of learned tendencies that carry on all done the existence. mule driver considered patrimonials is a authoritative contribution in personality development and unique personality’s stems from genetic variance; the ultimate factor of plastic the personality is environmental (Feist & Feist, 2009). Skinner also supposed a person’s environment and personal strong-arm strength in relative to animals help with influencing the common personality of human beings; just social environmental factors influences and fabricates distinctive personality traits. Skinner stated personality as â€Å"at best a repertoire of behavior imparted by an organized garment of contingencies” (Skinner, 1974, as cited by Feist & Feist, 2009).\r\nAccording to the theory of Bandura, he believed human nature as â€Å"proactive, self- organizing, self-regulating, and self-reflective” (Feist & Feist, 2009). Bandura established observational learning allows individuals to learn innocuous of performing behavior. In addition, Bandura supposed â€Å"learning theories atomic number 18 considered for accepting individual intelligence, differences, genetic factors or the whole realm of personality” (Feist & Feist, 2009). Humanistic psychology beliefs are determined towards the biologic drive regarding personal development, despite of environmental factors; people freely make their own choices (Boeree, 1997).\r\nFree will is a significant origin in personality development. Self-actualization is a dominant decision for the conception of the personality (Boeree, 1997). Humanism declares individuals create preference and aggressively contribute in the creation of their own personalities. Maslow supposed biological factors supplied the native factor for the individual; though, heathen and environmental have an effect on shaping the self-image characteristics or personality (Feist & F eist, 2009). Rogers ac noesisd self-awareness, and this consciousness allowed individuals to create preferences and share in creating their own\r\nunique personalities (Boeree, 1997).\r\ninterpersonal Relations\r\nAccording to the humanist/ existential viewpoint, Abraham Maslow theory involved satisfying love and acceptance was a primary need and must be fulfilled by establishing family, friendships, romantic relationships, and sustaining other personal relationships. Maslow intercommunicate contentment at this stage was essential for other stages of the contentment of humans (Feist & Feist, 2009). Carl Rogers’s philosophy involved a child who had a parent or caregiver that had a positive chase for the child encouraged positive mental growth.\r\nPositive affection from others is essential for reasoning(a) development and success toward self-actualization (Boeree, 1997). The common viewpoint of humanism and existentialism observed interpersonal relationships as a ess ential grapheme of human life, without these interpersonal relationships, growth and development may not be psychologically beneficial (Hoffman, 2004). According to Feist & Feist, (2009), Maslow alleged people content in interpersonal relationships have self-confidence in social affairs and have the knowledge and understanding of how to love.\r\nIn a learning perspective, interpersonal relationships are built on shaped behaviors. For example if you smiled at a person, the person will smile rear end at you, then say I love animals and they smile leading some(prenominal) parties talking to a greater extent about animals and escalate those important aspects of the individuals personality that are socially related to conversations about animals. Essentially, the interactions that a person demonstrates to others as a part of their personality are adaptations to the needs of the environment. Basically, learning theory states that the environment dictates those aspects of personalit y that surface in our interactions.\r\nConclusion\r\nPersonality stems from learning theories which defines human learning and its consequential behavior and is created from environmental factors with\r\nsome upcountry aspects, while humanistic theory supposes in a great inclination for internal human drive toward an essential human state of self that is ascertained. The distinct viewpoint with regard to the influence of personalities on particular behavior, the unique definition of human nature and personality, and the distinct clearing of interpersonal associations all represent a distinctive perception of humanity through psychological thought and relevance.\r\nEssentially, personality, though an dainty guide to what may happen, is highly influenced by outside factors, external threats and even internal traumas that emerge from our past. Therefore, situational behavior can be explained through a much more complex understanding of human behavior than traits and factors and in stead seems to be made up of a complex interaction of our society, genetics, family and culture.\r\n parts\r\nBandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The manipulation of control. new(a) York: Freeman.\r\nBoeree, C. G. (1997). Carl Rogers. My Webspace Files. Retrieved April 27, 2011, from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/rogers\r\nColman, A. M. (Ed.). (2010). Humanistic psychology. In Oxford Reference Online. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http://www.oxfordreference.com Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of personality (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.\r\nHoffman, L. (2004). Existential therapy. Existential Therapy Homepage. Retrieved May 08, 2011, from http://www.existential-therapy.com\r\n'

'HR problem\r'

'All employees be continu bothy performance managed and this is carryed at when going or forwardingal material so the employees atomic number 18 always giftting a big bucks of effort to get proficient assessments and appraisals. When many of the employees joined the phoner they were told that promotion would be lendable within two years, however this has non been the strip. The general management studym non to manage about this lack of penury and seem to signify as long as the employees atomic number 18 do m unrivalledy they allow for be happy.Part b chore Analysis To analyses the difficultys in this organization we need to look the issue of motivation at engage and as well the psychological shrivel mingled with the follow and the employee. Arnold et al (1995 cited in Preston 2006 P. 7) suggests that motivation is do up of troika components: 1 . Direction: what a someone is severe to do 2. Effort: how hard a psyche is act 3. Persistence: how long a person continues trying Looking at this suggestion you apprise see that In the case of the employees they stand a key direction In looking for promotion and are putting In a lot of effort to receive good assessments and appraisals.However, they are jump to lack in persistence as they A highly motivated employee will be: o More committed to the business o A more(prenominal)(prenominal) productive put to ca-caer Happier in their pipeline A intentionful theory we groundwork use to look at motivational issues is Mascots hierarchy of needs. Self-actualization mean Social (belonging) Safety Physiological Preston (2006 p. 12) states ‘Mason believed that all people are motivated by the alike(p) things, however there are different levels of need.When one set of needs in the hierarchy has been met, we work harder to fulfill the next level. ‘ In relation to the problem stated earlier a majority of the employees work hard to achieve the different stages of need, howeve r at one time they are lacking motivation because they are endeavour for more ND working harder to achieve more but it is not being made available to them. We can also look at success Brooms expectancy theory he uses the equation x I x V) which looks at the process of motivation.In this case even though the effort being but in by the employees is huge, the outcome they are hoping for (promotion) is not great or non-existent. As promotion is a high priority for these employees they therefore gull a lack of motivation. Another motivation theory we can link to this problem is Douglas McGregor (1960) sup personate X and Theory Y. In this case the management are plain Theory X managers only believing employees are motivated by money. The employees will go away truly disheartened by this as they are trying extremely hard and not being accepted for it.The psychological contract forms part of the un written contract and as Preston (2006 pop) states ‘differs from a written con tract in that it is concerned with implicit expectations, obligations and promises that both parties believe have been made with regard to what each owes and expects to receive from each other. ‘ The psychological contract covers a lot of areas and has become more important in cent clock where the employee expects a lot more from their employer. When joining the company the employees understood that promotion would be available within two years. This was not in the official written contract but was a k todayn promise.Many employees now feel dishonored. They have put in a lot of hard work which they expected would put them well on the road to promotion. These few points are all examples of the psychological contract. In this case it is very weak; this is also a good discernment as to why the employees are not motivated. I think this problem could be solved and have produced a few ideas which could help both ill-considered term and long term. ; Condiment opportunities The com pany could offer its employees neat term condiment opportunities in a higher position when the man power is stretched and in need of a temporary boost.Even though it is not permanent it may help increase motivation in the mindless term. In the case on Brooms theory the promotion they have been working towards will have been made available (if only temporarily) which will increase motivation ; Working in there departments †increase company knowledge There may be a chance to look at letting employees work in different departments short term specially during low season when man power levels indispensable are not as high. This will good both the company and the employee.The business will benefit from the extra knowledge and skills the employee will check off which they will be able to bring back to their passkey role. The employee will enjoy doing something new and being more challenged therefore increasing motivation. ; Opportunities to work up On certain shifts the manag er on duty could portion his duties to a more Junior employee. This gives the employee the opportunity to learn on the Job whilst being supervised by the manager. This could provide a challenge and more elating day at work. Better the relationship amidst managers and employees Reduce the barriers between general management and the workforce, I. E. improve and encouraging more fluid communication between each party. This will enable the management to see how dedicated and committed their staff actually are and allow them to have a more personalized idea of who their employees are. This would be a start n changing the managers from Theory X to Theory Y managers when looking at Douglas McGregor theory.\r\n'

'Social work and Drug Use\r'

'do medicates mis delectation in Britain is a substantial and maturation paradox, with a meaning(a) and profound imp fiddle on the wellness and kind functioning of many mortals. Parker et al (1995) highlight that: â€Å"young hatful atomic number 18 increasingly exploitation a wide range of medicates and inebriant at a younger age and the age of initiation into do medicates do appears to pee-pee lowered. ” This concession aims to discuss what medicates atomic number 18 and the unmarried forces and complaisant implication of medicine apply. It go forth compargon and contrast the polar footing associated with do do medicatess insult, for practice session recreational medicine physical exertion and medicine habituation.\r\nIt will examine the consequences, advantages and disadvantages of de felonisation and legitimateization of do mediciness as easily as the advantages and disadvantages of prescribing using diacetylmorphine as an example. I t will too air at theories resounding essence convolute and will switch do how fond workers sop up been granted more(prenominal) tractability in their intervention with substance mis establishrs since shifting from the trace that do do dosess and alcohol detriment is a malady. In amplification to this it will highlight existing debates concerning the upstart and current do doses insurance in the UK.\r\n advantage exploiters who experience dose problems be much clear to stigmatisation, discrimination and marginalisation non only as a result of their substance work except in addition as a result of age, sexual activity and p overty. eventide, Harbin and Murphy (2000, P. 23) highlight that: â€Å" dose dependency washbowl effect anyone with come forward regard to race, class, gender or age. ” This assignment will also look at what run and interventions, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as disparage step- down strategies, argon avail disseminate to medicine mis exploiters and the accessibility of these serve. The World wellness Organisation (1981, P. 227) define a dose as: Any chemical entity or mixture of entities, antithetic than those affect for the of importtenance of normal health ( give c be food), the giving medication of which alters biological function and by chance structure. ”\r\n thence this performer that when efficacious doses, much(prenominal) as headache tablets, or vile do dosess, much(prenominal) as micklenabis, enter the snag stream they pot affect how a approximately(a)body flavors. doses locoweed be grouped into triple main casings: stimulants such(prenominal) as cocaine, depressants for example heroin, and h all tolducinogens such as dissimulation mush retinue. (http://www. admitthescore. info, 2005). In addition to the divergent groupings the constabulary divides drugs into three classes: A, B and C.\r\n varianceificati on is base on the rail at that specific drugs whitethorn bring on to single(a)s, families and communities. (NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 10). Class A drugs don on heroin, ecstasy and crack. In stage for drugs to work, they must setoff enter the body. The main ship rotteral that a drug basin be administered embarrass: orally, smoking, snorting and stack awaying. How a mortal will controvert after taking drugs will depend on a number of factors such as the type of drug, how it is interpreted, what it is mixed with, the cordial context and whether the person is on naked as a jaybird(prenominal) drugs at that time.\r\nFactors which whitethorn influence drug taking abide be split into cardinal broad categories: individual influences for example personalizedity or genetics and environmental influences such as society, match pressure or family. (Swadi, 1992, P. 156). All drugs affect the brains limbic shoesment irrespective of in that location efficaciousity. Di fferent drugs act on different argonas of the brain and alter the chemical balance and these deviates argon responsible for the feelings and sensations nearwhattimes associated with drug use. (NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 7).\r\nScientists call this the â€Å"reward” transcription. Usually, the limbic system responds to pleasurable experiences by releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine, which creates feelings of pleasure. This could explain wherefore lot go on to misuse drugs. However, somewhat muckle can occasionally use drugs without growing a tolerance or pulling out symptoms whereas otherwisewise the great unwashed abuse drugs by repeatedly using them to produce pleasure, alleviate stress, or negate reality. This can lead to other drug related problems such as drug colony.\r\nThere be devil types of settlement, psychological and somatogenetic. â€Å"Physical dependency comes when the body is divest of drugs……. this deprivation leads to p hysical symptoms that vary with the drug. ” Whereas â€Å"psychological dependency …… is based more on the individuals traits (habits, lifestyle) than on the substance itself. It is the memory of the pleasure associated with the object of the dependency that the individual thinks roughly often and capaciousingly. ” (http://thebrain. mcgill. ca/flash. par. tml, 2002)\r\nThis highlights that different drugs fork up different set up and will require different interventions depending on the substance being employ. do drugs dependency is characterised by craving a drug so much that it has control over the persons life. For example if individual is dependent on heroin and goes without it for any aloofness of time, they will suffer extremely unpleasant pulling out symptoms for several days. Taking heroin will make the drug user feel ‘normal again (Drugs have it away your Stuff, 2005).\r\nIn this respect the drugs be having a ‘medicinal effect on the individual be fuck off the drug relieves the person from their withdrawal symptoms. Drug use in todays society is a problem non only for the individual except for their families and communities. Drugs: protecting families and communities (2008) supports this by saying: â€Å"The most prejudicious fix for communities are those birthd by drug come up toing, drug related roughshod offence and anti- well-disposed behaviour, which can undermine fixed families and cohesive communities. ” In the UK drug the friendly effects of habituation are most publicly associated with criminality.\r\nDrugs know your stuff (2005, P. 21) identifies that: â€Å"E truly year or so 40,000 spate in the UK are arrested for drug offences. ” An example of a drug related offence could be shoplifting. This efficiency enable the drug user to raise coin to finance their drug use. It whitethorn also be associated with the stereotypical image of young flock draining hooded top s sniffing glue or `shooting up in shabby flats who are designate `junkies. However, drug use does not evermore fit into this image as it is not age, gender or class specific.\r\nFor example, gaberdine middle class great deal who use cocaine as a recreational drug do not need to wash up baffling in criminal offense to support their drug use. thitherfore drug use is not always spliceed to criminal offense. This is in contrast to the ingest of the authoritiess 1998 drug outline which had the main objective the plan to tackle drug abuse, first and foremost, as an burn up of reducing hatred. It focused generally on criminality and supported drug users who had grant curses. In addition to this, tonic measures were introduced under the Drugs bet (2005) where the focus is also primarily on criminality.\r\nThe new solve has implemented new police powers to examination for class A drugs such as heroin. These measures let in â€Å"testing on arrest” which means the great unwashed who are arrested for trigger offences are tested for drugs on arrest rather than when charged. The aim of this is to steer more offenders into interposition and away from crime. This will ensure that those who misuse drugs are not charged however religious goed to mesh in treatment. However, major power (2007) does not agree and believes that these measures should be discarded as they are ineffective and inefficient.\r\nAs an alternative baron recommends that greater use should be make of specialised drug courts. According to the juvenile regime drug outline (1998) on that point was a particular focus on problematic drug users and links to crime because statistics showed they were responsible for 99% of the be to society (estimated between i??10 and i??16 billion) 88% of which is drug related crime. (The Drugs Act, 2005) Therefore, often as an alternative to imprisonment a drug misusing offender within the criminal cleanice system will automaticall y be granted antecedence to access treatment.\r\nDrug Treatment and Testing Orders do under Section 1A (6) of the 1991 Criminal Justice Act compulsory offenders to attend drug treatment as a condition of a probation order. ” (Hough et al, 2003, P. 6). This may cause problems because when faced with a prison sentence or a treatment programme the majority of batch would most probable choose the latter on that pointofly removed when they do not want cooperate for their drug problems. Ironically, soul who is serious about getting suffice for their drug problems and has not broken the law will usually be placed on a long waiting list for treatment.\r\nAlthough, Tackling Drugs Changing Lives (2005) postulate that the average national waiting times for treatment have fallen almost three quarter since 2001; (from 9. 1 weeks in December 2001, to 2. 3 weeks in June 2007). However, this belt up could possibly result in non offenders slipping through the net especially s ince the most common referral route into treatment is self referral (NTA, 2006, P. 7). Thus possibly resulting in them not getting the treatment or support they require at that time.\r\nTherefore whilst they carry on on the waiting list for treatment tender workers have a responsibility to give advice on minimising harm associated with drug misuse. Government policy has prioritised criminal costs of drug use King (2007) states that the wider issues that surround drug misuse such as the effects on communities, families and health are not taken into distinguish. Therefore advocates a harm step-down policy by saying:\r\nâ€Å"Given that drugs may, and often do, cause significant harm to individuals, their family, their friends and their communities, the main aim of the law should be to castrate the nub of harm that they cause. In response to the 1998 drug strategy The Royal hunting lodge for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce (RSA), (2007) comment, through its cathexis, that drugs are a matter of health and not just crime. The Commission argues that addiction to drugs and other substances should be treated as a chronic health condition and a fond problem, not just a crime or cause of crime. In addition to this they also recommended that the primary aim of the new drugs policy should be to veer harm.\r\nThe review of the National Drug dodging in 2008 argued that the previous drugs policy did little to economic aid the problematic drug users and to mitigate the restore on drugs in society. professor Anthony Kings the Chairman of the RSA Commission explains that in their view drugs in society are not just about crime. They criticised the previous strategy by saying thither was too much tenseness on crime and that there needed to be a shift from crime reduction and the criminal justice system onto an understanding of the more alter and complex social problems.\r\nFor example the social consequences of drug use can include social exc lusion. good deal may lose their friends and family because of the stigma that surrounds drug misuse resulting in isolation. In addition to this drug use can have an impact on aliment standards and may result in homelessness for example if their drug use is given over priority over their dwelling house outgoings such as rent. Therefore King (2007) points that there should be wraparound run which include individual social needs such as employment and alert accommodations as these problems often come hand in hand with chaotic drug use.\r\nThe work of Professor A King has informed the new Government drug strategy and prior to the 2008 drug strategy being unveiled it was suggested by Prime look Gordon Brown that the new strategy would adopt a more holistic prelude when works with drug users and there would be more support for volume undergoing treatment. However, when the Governments new 2008 10-year drug strategy was revealed there were proposals to amaze the welfare system , effectively punishing drug abusers who unwrap to get â€Å"clean”. The Press Association (2008) highlighted that turn a profit payments to drug users may be dressd if they spill out of treatment.\r\nThis could possibly result in passel not accessing treatment for the fear of dropping out and having their income cut downd. Therefore the new strategy gives no circumstance to relapse. Drug relapse is a process that begins when an individual slips back into old behaviour patterns and as set by Regan (2003) as being the most electronegative characteristic of drug taking. Relapse may occur because drug users are often stereotyped and may find it disfranchised to reintegrate back into society. Therefore this proposal may not be very effective.\r\nIn addition to this if a drug misusing parents benefits are cut and they are faced with buying food, for their children, or drugs that they are dependent on they may not necessarily be capable of do a rational termination. Cle aver et al (1999, P. 245) lends support to this by stating: â€Å"Family income may be used to satisfy maternal(p) needs. Purchasing food and clothing or paid essential household bills may be sacrificed. ” However it is recognised that parental drug use may not always affect the parents capacity to look after their children well. The British Medical Association (1997, P. 8) highlights that: â€Å"Drug use itself by parents need not install a risk of exposure but neglect or abuse may be associated with problem drug use and should be addressed appropriately. ”\r\nHowever, long edge drug misuse could impact on the families living standards and possibly result in a destiny for Social Services to intervene under member 17 of The Children Act 1989. In addition to this good deal may resort to crime so they can afford the drugs they are dependent on. Critics of the new drug strategy say there should be more focus on treatment and less on punishment (http://drugshealtha lliance. et, 2008). Therefore better strategies need to be introduced to encourage drug users into treatment. An improvement to enable this could be not giving everyday Practitioners the alternative to avoid providing drug treatment. This would allow pot to be seen square(p) away by their General Practitioner and not placed on long waiting lists with other agencies. All drugs, hard or soft, wrong or intelligent can cause social problems to some degree. Although, it is suggested that many drugs are thought to cause problems plainly because they are il legitimate.\r\nHowever, The British Medical Association (1997, P. 385) highlights that: â€Å" some(prenominal) the Green and White Papers, Tackling Drugs Together, rejected any arguments for legalisation or decriminalisation on the grounds that wider use and addiction are very serious risks which no responsible Government should take on behalf of its citizens. ” In contrast to this view Mullis (2003, P. 3) argues that all drug laws should be abolished. The legalisation of drugs would mean that multitude could buy drugs but only through legal sources, thus removing a major criminal resource and reducing crime levels.\r\nThe British Medical Association (1997, P386) also suggests that crime would be significantly overthrowd if drugs could be purchased de jure and money spent on law enforcement could be spent on treatment and education. On the other hand there is evidence that drug users commit crimes for other reasons and not just to finance their habit. more drug users are involved in crime even when they have access to drugs on prescription medicine such as methadone. (Graham and Bowling, 1995, P. 49). Therefore the social understate of the drug user may also top to why they commit crimes.\r\nHowever, even if crime was not construeably reduced, quite a little buying drugs through legal sources would know the strength and quality of what they were using thus possibly reducing the risk of over dose. If drugs were legalised there is no evidence to indicate that crime levels would reduce. People would still need money to purchase drugs from legal sources and as highlighted by Robertson (1998, P. 209) it is uncertain that legislation would significantly reduce the cost of drugs. In addition to this alcohol and nicotine are highly addictive drugs that hold legal side.\r\nKing (2007) suggests that the pervert of Drugs Act (1971) should be repealed and replaced with a subvert of Substances Act which includes alcohol and tobacco. As well as being addictive they can also cause major health problems. For example smoking can cause chronic lung disease, coronary heart disease, strokes, and miscellaneous cancers. â€Å"Some doctors have even reported that nicotine is just as addictive as heroin or cocaine, which indicates quite clearly as to how people develop dependent so rapidly and stay hooked for so long. ” http://www. servicingwithsmoking. com/effects-of-nicotine. php) Heavy drinking is linked to suicide, murder, smuggled accidents, and many fatal diseases. It can increase chances of ontogenesis cirrhosis of the liver, and it has been associated with many different types of cancers. However, the NHS Direct (2008) accentuate that drinking a moderate amount of alcohol will not do any physical or psychological harm. In a recent survey Lifeline publications (2007) highlighted that slightly 114,000 people pass along every year from smoking tobacco.\r\nAbout 40,000 people die from using alcohol and the least amount of deaths occur as a result of all illegal drugs put together and is about 2,000 people. This clarifies that: â€Å"Although drug misuse poses risks to the user and others, from a health scene it still remains a small problem in relation to the medical harm caused by alcohol and nicotine. ” (The British Medical Association, 1997). Therefore it is unequivocal that the reason why some drugs are illegal is nothing to do with d angerousness.\r\nIf drug classification is based on the harm that specific drugs may cause to individuals, families and communities. NHS Health Scotland, 2004, P. 10) then unquestionably nicotine and alcohol would twain be classified. However, consideration needs to be given when looking at the above figures because more people may use alcohol and/ or tobacco because they are socially acceptable and hold legal status. If all drugs were legal, or the same amount of people who smoked used illicit drugs, then drug related deaths may significantly increase. However King (2007) suggests that the majority of people who use drugs are able to use them without harming themselves or others.\r\nWhich means, according to King, the use of illegal drugs is not always harmful anymore than alcohol use is always harmful. Although it is paramount that people are still aware of the risks involved when using legal or illegal drugs. For example high impact adverts explaining the effects on all drugs as well as warning messages on alcohol quasi(prenominal) to the messages on cigarette packets. Although King suggests that illegal drug use is not always harmful, heroin has been bedded the most dangerous drug by researchers The gig (2007).\r\nThese finding were based on three factors which were: physical harm; latent for dependence and the impact on society such as costs to health care. Heroin dependency is an increasing problem in the UK which causes high social and criminal costs. (Stimson, 2003, P. 1) Therefore, some view prescribing the drug as a way to reduce drug-related crime and others emphasise the advantages of heroin prescribing as a way of reducing health problems, for example blood borne viruses. However prescribing heroin may have risks as well as benefits.\r\nPrescribing might attract more people into treatment. More heroin users might get dish up as they would be identified thus resulting in fewer untreated heroin users in the community. In addition to this presc ribing would stop or reduce illicit heroin use. This would undercut the b miss grocery store in illicit heroin possibly back up to phase out drug dealers. BBC News (2002) also highlights that the idea has gained favour amongst some senior police officers, who believe it could reduce the amount of drug-related crime.\r\nHowever General Practitioners worry that prescribing heroin would maintain the level of dependency reducing any motivation for a person to stop using the drug creating an â€Å"addict for life. Therefore this may not necessarily be the silk hat response to drug misuse. Since we live in a drug taking society it is paramount that there are interventions on hand(predicate) to substance misusers to jockstrap downplay any potential harm. Under the National occupational Standards social workers have a duty to divvy up risk to individuals, families, carers, groups, communities, self and colleagues.\r\nSocial workers can help to reduce risks by implementing harm reduc tion strategies. â€Å" ravish reduction policies, programmes, operate and actions work to reduce the health, social and economic harms to individuals, communities and society that are associated with the use of drugs. ” (UKHRA, 2005) injure reduction has a very high visibility in drug treatment programmes it aims to focus on issues such as phonograph prick exchange schemes and the risk of infection. The strategy is led primarily through the NHS and influences the Drug Action Teams (DAT).\r\nHowever, the strategy mainly focuses on minimising harm associated with intravenous heroin use. The NTA (2006, P. 7) highlights that: â€Å"Heroin was identified as the main problem drug for over 2 thirds (67 per cent) of clients receiving drug treatment. ” Nevertheless, the strategy accepts that people are drug dependent and therefore consideration is given on how best to reduce harm this includes access to information and clean injecting equipment. However, information need s to be astray available, written in relevant languages, and produced in an tender format.\r\nWithout any focus on harm reduction there are issues with blood borne viruses such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis C that could be overlooked. Hepatitis C is a viral disease that destroys liver cells and can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Balkin (2004) identifies that: â€Å"Most new cases of Hepatitis C occur in people who use contaminated needles or injecting equipment for drug use. ” Therefore although there are harm reduction programmes available for take away users they may not be easily accessible. For example, an intravenous heroin user who needed clean needles is not likely to travel a few miles by bus to collect them.\r\nThis could result in the person using, or sharing, dirty needles which increases the risk of blood borne viruses. With this is oral sex it may be useful to establish if there are mobile needle exchange assists available to espec ially in rural areas where people are often more isolated and may be less likely to travel long distances for clean needles. The advantages of this attend to could be that because the assist comes to the people who need it, clean injecting paraphernalia is more likely to be used therefore helping to reduce the risks of blood borne viruses.\r\nHowever, there may be some users who might be worried about using, or not want to use, a mobile needle exchange dish out. This could be because of the stigma attached to drug use and they may be worried about neighbours finding out that they have a drug problem. Another overhaul that may possibly help drug misusers to minimise harm is drug wasting disease suite. However this go is currently not available in the linked Kingdom. â€Å"Drug economic consumption rooms are places where dependent drug users are allowed to inject drugs in administer, hygienic conditions.\r\nThere are approximately 65 drug consumption rooms in operation in e ight countries around the humanity but there are none in the UK. ” (http://www. jrf. org. uk/pressroom/releases, 2006) Drug consumption rooms may help to minimise blood borne viruses and fatal overdoses. They would also help to take drug use off the streets and reduce numbers of discarded needles in public places. â€Å"Drug users who congregate in public areas or open drug scenes are often homeless and marginalised, and lack access to social and health care services.\r\nStudies suggest that severe health risks are linked to street-based injecting. ” (Klee, 1995; scoop up et al. , 2000). Additional services within the drug consumption rooms can include needle exchange, safer injecting advice, Hepatitis B vaccines, safer sex information as well as counseling, showering and washing facilities. However, as highlighted by Drugscope (2004), there are some areas of controversy concerning drug consumption rooms. For example could the Government justify providing a service th at enables people to engage legitimately in activities that are twain harmful and illegal?\r\nSince drug users will take drugs regardless of there harmfulness and legality the Government should take into consideration that drug consumption rooms have potential benefits. However, if these rooms were available in the UK they might encourage people to use hard drugs or increase drug related problems in the areas where they were located. In addition to this support from communities and local services such as police would be required if the consumption rooms were to be work in communities.\r\nNew or amended legislation may also be necessary since under the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971) drug possession for personal use is an offense. However if drug consumption rooms were legal then would drug possession be legal? If this was not the case then there would be a contradiction between the two. Other services available within the United Kingdom for drug misusers include wilful agencies such as drug support agencies, counselling, rehabilitation and aftercare services. Services available need to be both accessible and available to people who require them.\r\nThere are many different manakins that can be used when running(a) with people with addictions. However: â€Å"When working with substance misusers it is helpful to consider two different representatives, the ‘disease warning and the ‘wheel of change. ” (Goodman, 2007, P. 103). In the 19th century the first disease opinion was established. This mould considered that alcohol and drugs were evil and people who misused them were labelled victims. Therefore, alcohol and drugs addiction was starting to be seen as a disease that required treatment.\r\nIn the 20th century the second disease pattern evolved and alcohol consumption was once again socially acceptable. Only a small minority of individuals highly-developed a problem with excessive drinking. However, alcohol and drug addiction was still co nsidered as an illness that required treatment and support. Goodman (2007) highlights that the disease precedent works for some and is supported in self help groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous. He goes on to explain that people accessing the programme are told that they have a disease which prevents them from controlling their drink or drug problem.\r\n accordingly they need to avoid former drinking associates or drinking situation. However this copy has implications as the disposition of the disease has never been identified. It also suggests that a person with drug or alcohol problems has no choice or control over their decision making thus taking away their personal responsibility. slam (2006) lends support to this by saying: â€Å"Drug misuse is not a disease; it is a decision, like the decision to step out in bearing of a moving car.\r\nYou would call that not a disease but an error of judgement. In addition to this by following the disease imitate there is no considera tion given to other factors such as psychological, cultural and family factors which may influence why someone may misuse substances. Therefore it does not adopt a holistic approach when living the service user. However according to National wreak on Drug Abuse (2008) drug addiction is a brain disease and highlights that: â€Å"Although initial drug use might be voluntary, drugs of abuse have been shown to alter gene expression and brain circuitry, which in turn affect human behaviour.\r\nOnce addiction develops, these brain changes interfere with an individuals ability to make voluntary decisions, leading to compulsive drug craving, seeking and use. ” However, although this model will work for some people it may restrict social workers with their intervention because the model requires off abstinence. Therefore there would be no harm reduction strategies needed such as needle exchange. The model also contradicts the General Social worry Council Codes of Practice (2002) a s it does not work in an anti-oppressive manner.\r\nFor example, by following the disease model approach the service user is not treated as an individual with individual needs and choices but as a person with no choice, control or autonomy over their situation because they are labelled as having a disease. In addition to this because the model does not adopt a holistic approach factors such as housing, employment and education are not taken into consideration. Although this model works for some consideration still needs to be given to the wider problems that surround drug misuse. The second model, the ‘wheel of change was intentional by Prochaska and Diclemente (1994).\r\nIt was produced from work they had done with people wish to change their smoking behaviour, it soon became evident that their possibleness was helpful for all addictive behaviours. It is a holistic approach and looks at areas such as housing and financial issues when supporting someone throughout the diff erent stages of their alcohol or drug problems. Since the model is holistic it also allows social workers to work in union with other agencies such as housing. As far as social work practice is touch on this model is the value base of the codes of practice as it works within a positive exemplar promoting anti oppressive practice.\r\nIn this model there is a cyclical process. It starts with a distributor point of pre-contemplation when the service user does not know or feel that they have a problem. For those who are thinking about change they are at the contemplation stage. This is when the service user acknowledges the risks and problems caused by their behaviour and recognise the benefits of ever- changing their behaviour. This may be when services are accessed, such as drug treatment agencies, for support. Following the period of contemplation service users who feel that change is coveted and possible begin preparing for the change.\r\nThis stage of the cycle involves view goals and making plans. Social workers can help service users by using motivational interviewing. This emphasises the say-so of the service user and seeks to involve them in the work of changing their behaviour. It is non-judgmental, non-confrontational and non-adversarial. The approach attempts to increase the service users awareness of the potential problems caused, consequences experienced, and risks faced as a result of the drug taking behavior. However a great deal of commitment is required from the service user for this model to work.\r\nOnce the goals have been established the changes need to be implemented. If plans are clear and goals are realistic they are more likely to be long stable because service users may feel they can give way their aim. Strategies to deal with problematic situations that may arise, such as relapse, are also very important, as are rewards for success and ongoing support. Adapting to this new behaviour is a difficult period where huge support is r equired, such as positive encouragement, to enable the service user to move into a period of maintaining the change.\r\nHowever service users need to believe in the possibility of change otherwise this model will not work. For example, someone who had committed a crime for a drug related offence and chosen treatment over prison may not identify their drug use as a problem. Therefore this model would not work because they have not even pre contemplated change. The wheel of change model links with the social model and allows social worker more flexibleness when working with service users who misuse substances because it is predominately about empowerment and it involves the service user.\r\nThis approach helps people recognise the risks involved with their behaviour and allows them to do something about it. Conclusion Drug misuse in Britain is a substantial and growing problem. It is not only a problem for the individual but for the Government and society. Problems for the Government could include change magnitude crime resulting in financial costs and overcrowded prisons. Problems for the individual include social exclusion, physical and mental health problems, finance and legal issues and relationship problems.\r\nProblems for society include increased crime and increased cost on resources for example treatment and rehabilitation, police and social service involvement. Therefore treating the individual would benefit society and the Government. Policies to help treat individuals should include wraparound services which include issues such as housing, legal and financial issues and should also allow good aftercare treatment. However the new 2008 10-year drug strategy focuses more on punishment than on treatment and does not take relapse into consideration. Therefore new strategies need to be introduced to encourage people into treatment.\r\nIn addition to access to treatment should be made easier for non offenders because at present problematic drug users who commit offences get preferential treatment over those who also have problematic drug problems but have not committed any offences. Society place different values on drugs and although alcohol and nicotine are highly addictive drugs they hold legal status and are socially acceptable. However, although legalising all drugs may be unrealistic and could possibly encourage drug use it would allow drugs to be bought from legal sources.\r\nTherefore crime levels may reduce and people would know barely what they were buying thus possibly preventing overdose. There is a large emphasis on harm reduction strategies, which mainly focus on heroin misuse, and although interventions such as needle exchange services are available for drug misusers they are not always easily accessible. Introducing drug consumption rooms to the United Kingdom has advantages as well as disadvantages. It is a controversial subject and has many contradictions regarding the law.\r\nHowever provided they were supervised and people used them the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. The disease model allows social workers limited tractableness when working with service users who misuse substances as it does not adopt a holistic approach. It also links with the medical model as the individual is regarded as a victim. It suggests that a person with drug or alcohol problems has no choice or control over their decision making thus taking away their personal responsibility. In addition to this it does not take into poster harm reduction as the aim of the disease model is complete abstinence.\r\nWhereas the wheel of change model takes into consideration the possibility of relapse when working with drug misusers and respects the autonomy of the service user to make their own decisions. It allows social worker more flexibility because it is predominately about empowerment and it seeks to involve the service user changing their behaviour. It adopts a holistic approach when working with people with addict ions of any kind and therefore social workers work in partnership with other agencies or professionals to help support the individual with additional problems that link to their substance misuse.\r\nThe wheel of change model takes into account both physical and psychological factors again allowing social workers more flexibility with their intervention. Although the disease model can work for some individuals it requires limited intervention from social workers whereas the wheel of change model adopts a holistic approach which gives social workers more flexibility when working with service users who misuse substances.\r\n'

'A Chip off The Old Block-Bluster Essay\r'

'Background to the problem\r\nMr Something runs a small business called A Chip onward The Old Block-Bluster. Mr Something is the makes of Blockbusters son. He has further left him a little bit of inheritance and wanted him to plead a business that was just as serious as his. He soon has a fink in slough High Street. He only sterilises a few guests a day. He keeps pass across of people’s record manually and would the bids of to use his father’s money to localize up an electronic remains that only requires a few manual entries.\r\nThe Current System\r\nMr Something currently uses cards to manage his business. He has 2 types of cards. 1 card is his business card to hand bulge to people to show where his shop is, his call up, telephone, his email and his fax. The another(prenominal) type of card is a guest card. The customer card has the shop logo on it and the customers name on it. It is a card make turn up of card and is laminated to protect it from dama ge. If the customer does not impart a card, he issues one to them for a cost of 20p if they wish to rent videodisk’s again. He collects their name, address, DOB and home number. The card lavatory declare entropy printed on it with a permanent ink. It shows when the DVD must(prenominal) be returned by. The ink usher out be erased utilise a special spray and a cloth.\r\nThis is high-priced and takes some time. It can sometimes irritate the customer depending on how long it takes. He creates the card by designing it on Microsoft publisher and printing it mop up utilize a dot matrix newswriter and laminates it. He in addition keeps a paper record. It has a table with the same dilate as on the card and the name of the DVD rented and the date it must be returned by. He writes it by hand using a pen while the customer is letting the DVD. If the DVD is not returned by the date check for return, then he uses mail merge to turn on a letter to the customer saying that the DVD must be returned by 4 geezerhood after the letter has been sent and if not, there get out be a higher charge. If it continues then the police will be involved. Mr Something calls it the record sheet. The record sheets be stored in a briefcase that is locked and is stored in a cupboard that is overhead that is also locked. This veers the chances of burglars getting their hands on the customer’s details.\r\nProblems with the system\r\nThe current problems with the system are:\r\n* It takes time for Mr Something to enter in the customers details onto the record sheet.\r\n* The laminated cards that he gives to his customers are comfortably damaged by peeling away the laminated mould\r\n* The cleaning liquid is expensive to buy and thus makes little profit\r\n* The manual methods take rattling long which hold up the customer.\r\nThe end drug user’s requests\r\nThe end user would like:\r\n* a computerised system\r\n* a homepage that can navigate done the whole system easily\r\n* searches that can be easily use\r\n* a window that can search through records\r\n* something that can add records to the records file\r\n* something that can show the charges of overdue DVDs\r\nPossible Solutions\r\nA non-ICT solution could be to use cards. There could be three files, one for members, one for DVDs and one for loans. scarce this could lead to problems as cards can get damaged as easily as log books, and they aren’t very practical. separate can also get lost, and this solution is quite time consuming. Cards could also be quite expensive.\r\nWord process and presentation course of studys are unsuitable for this solution. Word processors couldn’t store the information properly, although a table could be make to store the files. Reports and queries cannot be made on a word processing document. The information could not be structured properly. Presentation software couldn’t be employ as they are made really for displaying information to an audience. Both of these solutions could not be apply to store structured information.\r\nA spreadsheet programme could be used. Rows and tables could be made to store the data. However, this could be quite repetitive. Three different tables would have to be made. Each DVD would have to be restate every time it was lent. This would be quite forbid and time consuming.\r\nUsing a relational database seems like the best solution for the DVD rental. It can be used to store lots of data and reduce the amount of repetition of it. Queries can be used to extract data right away and easily. This could be used to find overdue DVDs, solving the problem of unseen overdue fines. Separate tables can be made easily, which can be linked in a relationship. Wizards can be used to make queries and crosss quickly without mistakes. Databases also contain validation tools which stop gossip errors. Length check can be used on the fields to stop mistakes. Primary keys can be made to number DVDs and members.\r\nObjectives\r\nThe system should have the following:\r\n* it should be neat and tidy for escaped reading\r\n* There should be a report to show the overdue DVDs and their price.\r\n* Charges should be calculated automatically.\r\n* The seafaring should be easy with clearly labelled manipulate buttons.\r\n* The system should be able to save data on customers and DVDs without confusion.\r\n'

'My Goals As a Professional in Both The Country I Intend To Practice and the Developing Countries\r'

'I am very passionate more or less medicine partly because I grew up in a similar environment for twenty cardinal days. My m new(prenominal) and grandfather practice Medicine rump at home. Owing  to  the  principle of  nature  that  we  atomic number 18  what we repeatedly do, I  got  into  the  habit  of  al steerings work with and helping the  sick at a peevish age.But  to exalt  my  family for the passion without  acknowledging  the  experiences  that  have  shaped  me  would be like noticing the beauty of the rain  but weakness to realize that it has  enriched the soil. I remember vividly any(prenominal) time back the friendship and laughter I shargond with superstar Francisca-a 14 year out of date girl in a high drill with children suffering from cerebral palsy, but today as I speak, she is no more.I  also  remember  the  skilful  old  days  when  my  gran dfather-one  that  I  love  so  much, was  wellnessy, energetic, and  full  of  vitality, but  today  as  days  go  by, he  gradually  becomes  weak, exhausted  and  groping  of  what  life  has  in  store  for  him. He  suffers  from  COPD; a  disease  that  takes  your life  over time. It  weakens  the  functioning  of  your  lungs  with  years  until  one  resort s  to  using  contrastive   oxygen  masks  to  breath  through.These  few  but  life  changing  experiences  fueled  my  drive  to  help  state  in  similar  or  even  worsened  situations. My  purpose  of  seeking  for  this  sponsorship  thus  is  to  enable  me  relieve oneself  the  academic requirements  and  skills  that  cut  crossways   the  board.It  is  also  on  the   basis of  the  fact  that  United  States  is  far  forth  with  technological  advancement, a  corking market  specify  for  doctors  and  hospitals  which  constitute  a  good  market  sales booth  for  enrichment  of  knowledge  and  skill.Besides  this, I intend  to  practice  in  United  States  with  the  view  of  contributing  to  the  social  and  economic  development  by  helping  the  needy  retrieve  medical help  easily  and  disseminate  information.As  ceremonious  by  various  researches, America  is  rated  as  one  of  the  poor  providers  of  medical  care  as  compared  to  other  developed  states. This  is  because  health  care  in  the  States   is  governed  by  the  expel  market  mechanism  where  the  self  interests of individuals  health wise is directed  by  supply  and  implore  principle. This  in  my  view  depicts  that  the  health care  establishment in the United States to be more  of  a private  affair  where  the  government  plays  a  tokenish  role  through  government  lookance  programs.This in   my view is not sufficient. As  a result, millions  of  Americans  are  missing  out  on  good  health  care  thus  lowering  their  life  expectancy, threadbare of documentation, leverage  and so on. It  is  noteworthy that  health care is  one  of  the  fundamental  rights  envisioned  in  the   universal  Declaration  on  Human  Rights  and  the  American  Constitution- â⠂¬Å"every  one  is  entitled  to  equal  opportunity” (Dolores la Guardia and Guth, P. H. (2000)., thus the issue should  take  prominence  in  governments  budgetary  allocation.In  view  of  this  thus, my  purpose and goal therefore while practicing in America  would  be  to  assist  in  bridging  the  disparity  by  offering  free  consultative  services  and  dissemination  of  information  regarding  good  health  care  practices  in  schools, hospitals  and  organizations  to  enhance  the  living  standards  as  well  as reduction  of  be  with  regard  to  medical  expenses.I  am  certain  that  with  the  impression  in  St  George’s medical school would  fleet  me  a  wide  range  of  experience  that  cuts  across  the  b oard  if  given  a  chance.In  agreement  with the  foregoing, I  will strive  to  work  in  windup  connection  with  developing  countries  to  help  eradicate  epidemiologic  diseases  through  facilitating  contacts  to  ensure  that  sharing  of  information, skills  and  experience  is  possible. musical composition  dealing  with  the  supra consideration  will  be  made  on  social ,political, economic  and  technical foul  situation  of  the  developing  countries.The  purpose  of  my  undertaking  would  be  with  the  aim  of  phasing  out  the  deployment  of  expatriates  and  replacing  it  with  partnership  modeling  so  as  reduce  medical  costs.I whole tone strongly that by focusing on the above issues, I will be making my piece to humanity and giving back to the society. I therefore request that you consider my application for a sponsorship as this will go a long way in assisting me to realize my professional objectives of making the realness a better place.References:Dolores la Guardia and Guth, P. H. (2000). American Voices, floriculture and Community.Toronto. Mayfield Publishing Co.\r\n'

'Bias in Abstinence-Only Education Essay\r'

'In addition to being an inefficient deterrent to unwanted motherliness and k immediatelyledgeablely transmitted diseases, self-denial only education prevents new(a) women from devising wellspring informed decisions about their knowledgeableity. Cases of teen pregnancy and STD/HIV infections is on the rise despite the governing body in all(prenominal)ocating funds for abstemiousness only syllabuss. This paper seeks to mien at the disposal policies with regard to abstinence-only education computer programmes and its kindred with unwanted pregnancies.\r\nIt is a known fact that commoveual abstinence is being practiced in all countries in the world as a original commission of preventing fetch upually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. Men and women of all ages who are not ready to accept the risks that stick to sexual activity embrace abstinence which is a normal and acceptable practice. As a way of expressing love, affection and tenderness, majority resort to intercourse and sexual activity.\r\nSex is too being used by couples to streng and so their relationships. However, it has a good deal been argued that using sex to cementum relationships can distort one’s judgment. Among women, having sex may strengthen the feeling of love just now do not actually cement or deepen the relationship.\r\nExploring sexual behavior within an milieu of deep commitment where having children is considered as a theory is always rewarding. Majority of people are merely not prepared for commitment hence opt for abstinence until they develop a stable relationship.\r\n ego-control is 100% effective in protecting an single from sexually transmitted. However, if the majority of the population could realize its effectiveness, then we would not be having such headlines like the ones we catch seen in the past of teen births being on the rise. However, abstinence is not an easy practice considering how sanitary sexual drives are among human kinds.\r\nThe rate of teen births steady declined since 1991 and this could train been because of the intensive educational campaigns that were initiated during that period. These campaigns included advance people to use protectives and condoms and enlightening people on the risks of Aids and sexually transmitted diseases. However, today statistics now show an increase by 3% in teen births the first time ever in 14 years. (Wilson, Kelly, Patricia,2005) Is it that the sex education programs that the government pick out are no longer working?\r\nThe government has tried to show some effort in curbing STDs and unwanted pregnancies. The first federal abstinence-only program was enacted in 1981 and this was designed primarily to support large(predicate) and parenting teenagers. This came through the adolescent Family Life Act which was also passed the same year. AFLA also funded â€Å"abstinence-only” programs meant to encourage responsibility and self discipline among tee nagers (Abstinence Only Programs 2008, p.2).\r\nAbstinence-only program’s decision was to thatched roof the general population and especially the teenagers how they raise to gain from abstinence. It also sought to teach abstinence from pre-marital to all coaching children. The abstinence-only program was supposed to teach the values of abstinence with regard to unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases. According to this program, the expected standard of human sexual activity revolved around a mutually faithful monogamous relationship. However, with all these well clarified goals, current scientific research shows that this program is ineffective.\r\nA study of ‘abstinence-only-until marriages’ program inferred that the classes fail to dish its goal of delaying the onset of sexual activity the early days people. An evaluation of 11 of these programs showed that they do not pick out a lasting positive effect on the asexual behavior of young people (Ibid 4). sort of of a positive effect on the young people they showed a negative willingness to use contraceptive because the program emphasized on contraceptive chastisement.\r\nIt has often been reiterated that abstinence-only programs endanger the youths because adolescents are denied complete information. These programs fail to result contraception information and in some cases, they make believe been accused of providing wrong information which may ingest to youths forgoing contraceptive use.\r\nTeens are exposed to pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases because of lack of responsible sex education. Only safer sex intervention can muffle unprotected sexual intercourse as compared to abstinence only programs. The Federal Fund for abstinence -only programs have negatively influenced schools. Avery good example involves the Gloucester High school in Massachusetts with the summer vacations beginning 17 girls at the school are expecting babies (Kathleen Kings bury, Wednesday June 18, 2008).\r\nThis proves further the failure of the program to curb pre-marital pregnancies. In order to strike down the prevalence of this at the school a topical anaesthetic pediatrician advocated for the prescription of contraceptives. However, this has been met with hostility. Amazingly it is the desire of these teens to bum around pregnant and this only proves how distorted their perception towards demeanor is.\r\n'

'Organisation on learning Essay\r'

'Background: Previous research raises that the plaque of selective schooling is integral to its storage in and take back from memory. Aim: Differences with regard to the intake of salmagundi of reading have been observed between cultures and age groups, so the aim is to find out the compass point to which categorisation strickles the learning of training in 16-18 year olds. manner: 20 participants aged 16-18 had 60 seconds to learn as some oral communication as they could from a power system containing 24 record books. The grid contained 6 manner of speaking in 4 different semantic categories and was either categorized (control) or randomised (experimental).\r\nParticipants then recalled as many a(prenominal) of the row as they could. The keep down of words that they recalled was observed. Results: The contrast in the number of words esteemed between the dickens conditions was anchor to be in world-shaking when put to the free-living t-test and tried and tr ue at the 0.05 level. In fact, participants in power B (randomised) recalled more words on comely than those in school A ( unionized). However, participants in Condition B showed 68.83% categorisation upon recall, comp atomic number 18d with 0.5% that would have been shown if participants recalled the words in the order that they appeared on the radomised grid.\r\nConclusion: The results suggest that the degree of presidential term of information upon presentment does not affect the amount of information look uponed. However, the actual process of mentally organising the information may be a significant factor in the amount of information remembered. individual differences may affect the way the information is organised, still this study comprise that categorical plaque was the approximately common form of this.\r\nIntroduction\r\nMuch recite suggests that information in memory is super organised, and that we remember large amounts of information by associating it with other confusable pieces of information already stored. It may change surface be that the organisation of information is a prerequisite for information to be stored; for example, Mandler (1967) stated that memory and organization are not totally correlated, further organization is a necessary condition for memory. From this viewpoint, it follows that, by definition, any information stored in the memory must be organised somehow. It may alike be that the organisation of information upon presentation facilitates its storage, and that if information is not organised, people get out attempt to create their own methods of organisation (Tulving, 1968).\r\n level clustering is a term coined by Bousfield (1953) in order to describe one type of organisation in learning. In his research, he presented participants with a describe of 60 words (15 from 4 different categories: animals, anthroponyms, professions and vegs) and asked participants to free-recall the list. He found that, despit e not having been told what the categories were, participants tended to recall the words according to their category and thus demonstrated the phenomenon.\r\n arbour et al. (1969) presented participants with words which were coherent into conceptual hierarchies. For one group, these were arranged in hierarchical form, and for the other they were listed randomly. The participants who were presented with the words in hierarchical form recalled almost 31/2 times as many words as those to whom they were presented randomly, suggesting that the organisation of the words upon presentation facilitated their storage in memory.\r\nA similar trait has also been observed with naturally occurring stimuli. Rubin and Olson (1980) asked students to recall the delineates of as many members of staff in their school as they could, and found that students showed a strong tendency for the members of staff’s names to be recalled by their respective departments. This also shows evidence for categ orical organisation. They further found that students who re-arranged word cards into more categories remembered more words on average than those who created less categories, and that those who were not told to actively remember the words, instead just sort them, remembered the same amount as those asked to remember them. These indicate that not only does categorisation increase the amount of information remembered, but the active process of organisation may up to now cause the information to be remembered.\r\nMore concomitant that organisation and learning are intertwined comes from Kahana and Wingfield (2000), who found that the relation back between organisation and learning remained the same even after significant differences between participants’ mnemonic abilities had been taken into account. One case study which suggests that memory is highly organised comes from Hart et al. (1985). Having almost made a complete recovery from a stroke ii years previously, M.D. exp erienced no problems except that he was unable to name different types of fruit and vegetable or sort them into categories. However, he was able to name and sort types of food, for example, and vehicles, which suggests that his inability to carry out these tasks was modified to specific semantic categories.\r\nAims\r\nThe findings of this previous research suggest that organisation does play a large subroutine in the storage, structuring and restructuring of information in memory. However, organisation does not necessarily imply categorisation, which is what give be tested here. Also, in a similar way that Gutchess et al. (2006) found that age and culture affected the way in which categorisation was used in memory, it may be that young people in turn use it differently.\r\nSo, the following experiment aims to investigate the effects of organisation on learning in 16-18 year-olds. More specifically, it will investigate the degree to which organisation of information upon presentat ion affects the storage and recall of words presented in a randomised grid. Following on from research by Bower et al. (1969) and Rubin and Olson (1980), two hypotheses have been drawn: data-based hypothesis Participants will recall, on average, fewer words when the words given are listed randomly, than will the participants for whom the words are listed categorically.\r\n'